Up@dawn 2.0 (blogger)

Delight Springs

Monday, May 3, 2021

E. Wayne Jones/ Section #4

May 4, 2021


A Meeting of Minds: My Conversation with two Philosophers

It was early one Saturday morning in a small Tennessee town and my wife needed some Apricot Juice to make her famous Lemon Cake. Since she needed Apricot Juice, I needed to get up early and go to Wal-Mart—15 miles away in next town. I hopped in my old truck and decided to take the back way through South Mills Road down by Crawler’s Creek and get in and out as quick as possible, that was the plan. Upon arrival to Wal-Mart I noticed the usual crowd of people entering the store in what I called Pajamas. “When are people going to grow up?”  I said out loud and I reached for the door nob to get out of my truck. That’s when I heard a squeaky voiced woman with a bit a Southern twang ask, “Why grow up?(2).” Nearly dropping my Covid 19 mask , I noticed a tan-skinned woman with curly black hair peering into the passenger window. Taking off her dark framed glasses, she said, “I’m Susan; you’ve been reading my book.”

Thinking I had forgotten to take my blood pressure medicine. “Have I lost my mind?” I asked. 

“Oh no, I am quite real,” she replied, “do you think of growing up as a way of renouncing your hopes and dreams? (1).“Not really—I just see it as a way of claiming the responsibility, accountability that all adults must face. You know—like in the Bible—“When I became a man, I put away childish things…” (1 Corinthians 13:11). 

“That’s a little ambiguous; I mean just what are childish things? “Do you agree that it takes courage to think for yourself?” (11) Do you think that quoting the Bible is thinking for yourself? 

“It took thought for me to recall that verse if that’s what you mean. Now if you’ll excuse me, I’ve got to get my wife some apricot juice; she’s making a lemon cake. And I just love lemon cake.” 

“Sir, you never answered my question.”

“Mam it’s not about questions; it’s about faith--a Christian concept. I know you do not think like Christians think, so I think I need to go into the store.” 

“But sir, “Is travel necessary when growing up?” (13-16)

“I don’t know mam. I just need to travel into the store.”

“That’s as far as you will go in life, if you do not have the courage to think for yourself (11).

“How do you know that is courageous? How do you know I’m not crazy, eh?”

“Sir this is a special day, and I have come all the way from my home in Berlin to talk to you. As you know, “Distracting older people from objects of desire …[like Apricot juice]…is slightly more complicated, but what ever difficulty there may be is compensated for by the fact that the things that can be used to distract us are nearly limitless” (9).

It was in that instant, that she snapped her fingers and a man appeared. 

“Hello, Ernest, I’m John Kaag. You’ve been reading my work as well.” Before I could figure out if I were in a crazy dream, he continued.  Ernest, Do you, “…realize how soon [you] will become [a] mere walking bundle of habits? (76) I mean buying Apricot Juice on a Saturday morning? Really? You could be doing anything and you choose this.

“Do you wish you had a Samoan childhood?” (WGU 27), chimed in Susan.

“Actually, I was quite fine with my childhood in Tennessee” minus a few uncomfortable times, I returned.

“I’ve got this, Susan,” said John.  “Listen, why don’t you “practice yoga?” (91).

“Well, I’ve got a bad knee…” I started.

“Yoga can help you manage your habits effectively” (76). 

I started to shake and he continued. “[You see] nervous systems, like our own, are not hardwired from the start (what fun would that be?) …” (76)  Then in a manner straight from the mind of Willie Wonka he spun away in a whirlwind. As I stood there in amazement, I heard Susan say, “Here Ernest is your apricot juice. I must go now.”   However, you should seriously take good look at  your life and decide when you were the


happiest 
and just like that, she was gone.


Perhaps she is right. Maybe everyone should take inventory and consider; “what part of my life has been the happiest?” I think the happiest part of my life is right now. I have had a very good life experience, and that includes the good and the bad. I look forward to living my life to the best of my ability as a Christian the rest of my days on this earth. I will continue to learn all I can about life and be thankful for each day everyday. I believe everyone should be thankful for each day because it is something one cannot create himself. Another day of living and learning is a special gift that can come only, in my opinion, from God. The one whom I believe is the supreme being of the universe, and the one who created absolutely everything that exist.

I know there are others who do not share my world view. I consider that as part of my learning experience. I welcome the opportunity to learn more about them, and I hope they are just as eager to learn more about my world view. I believe that the synergy that would be created would serve as a catalyst to opening the minds from all points of views. When the minds are truly open without prejudice, the truth will come through.


Soren Kierkegaard's Concept of Anxiety

The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on  the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin (Kierkegaard's Writings, VIII): Soren  Kierkegaard, Reidar Thomte, Albert B. Anderson: 9780691020112: Amazon.com:  Books

The Concept of Anxiety

By: Joshua Flowers

Section 8

Soren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher most famously known for the "leap of faith" concept. Even though he never wrote this particular phrase down, he did talk about faith as being this leap that one must take. Kierkegaard is also known for writing on other things including the topic of this text, anxiety. Kierkegaard describes anxiety in this way:

"Hence, anxiety is the dizziness of freedom, which emerges when the spirit wants to posit the synthesis and freedom looks down into its own possibility, laying hold of finiteness to support itself. Freedom succumbs to dizziness."

Kierkegaard likens anxiety to dizziness which I think is a profound way to examine this emotion. Anxiety makes situations unclear, it makes certain things blurry, and before you know it, you're stuck in this disorienting state. However, the word that comes after it is just as important; freedom. I agree with Kierkegaard in the idea that anxiety is a result of endless possibilities and outcomes. It is the result of overthinking and assuming the worst may happen. The product of this boundlessness and overthinking is this dizziness, the inability to steadily position ourselves within particular moments in life. Kierkegaard provides this image of a man standing near the edge of a cliff. This man looks down and sees the endless abyss that is below the cliff and immediately becomes afraid to fall. However, the man also experiences anxiety because he realizes that he could choose to voluntarily jump off of the cliff if he wanted to. This is the dizziness of freedom that Kierkergaard is talking about. There are too many things that can happen, and we are free to make a choice. 

Another important aspect of Kierkegaard's take on anxiety is the idea of sin. Kierkegaard believes that anxiety deals with and is a result of the concept of sin entering the world. This comes from the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden that is discussed in the book of Genesis in the Bible. The idea that because of sin entering the world we now have the freedom to do whatever we please and this creates this emotion we know as anxiety along with other things. Even with all this, Kierkegaard presents some hopeful and encouraging aspects of this concept of anxiety. Kierkegaard believes that gaining control and awareness over one's anxiety is one of the keys to personal growth and unlocking creativity. Kierkegaard writes things such as:


"Learning to know anxiety is an adventure which every man has to affront…He therefore who has learned rightly to be in anxiety has learned the most important thing.”


“Because it is possible to create — creating one’s self, willing to be one’s self… — one has anxiety. One would have no anxiety if there were no possibility whatever.”


“If man were a beast or an angel, he would not be able to be in anxiety. Since he is both be
ast and angel, he can be in anxiety, and the greater the anxiety, the greater the man.”


The way that Kierkegaard presents both sides of anxiety is important because it should leave us with a bit of application steps in our own life. I understand that anxiety can be extremely severe for some people and it is not necessarily as simple as working to get it under control. I want to make sure I remain sensitive to that. However, even if that is you, I believe it is something that does not have to rule your life. We have freedom and it is important for all of us to do our best to make the decision to not jump off of the edge. Do not dive into the endless disorienting abyss that is anxiety. Do your best to tame it and turn it into something good. 



Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom – Soren Kierkegaard - Quotes

Sources: Updated with Links*

https://www.brainpickings.org/2013/06/19/kierkegaard-on-anxiety-and-creativity/

https://www.intechopen.com/books/psychopathology-an-international-and-interdisciplinary-perspective/anxiety-the-dizziness-of-freedom-the-developmental-factors-of-anxiety-as-seen-through-the-lens-of-ps

https://academyofideas.com/2018/02/soren-kierkegaard-psychology-anxiety/

Kierkegaard, Søren, and Albert B. Anderson. Kierkegaard's Writings, VIII, Volume 8: Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin. Edited by Reidar Thomte, Princeton University Press, 1980. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hrfg. Accessed 4 May 2021.


Grand total of Posts: 24

  1. Replied to a comment for Jan 28
  2. Responded to questions for Jan 28
  3. Responded to questions for Feb 2nd
  4. Responded to questions for Feb 4th
  5. Responded to questions for Feb 9th
  6. Responded to questions for Feb 11th
  7. Responded to questions for Feb 16th
  8. Responded to questions for Feb 18th
  9. Responded to questions for Feb 25th
  10. Responded to questions for March 2nd
  11. Responded to questions for March 4th
  12. Responded to questions for March 9th
  13. Responded to questions for March 11th
  14. Responded to questions for March 25th
  15. Responded to questions for March 30th
  16. Responded to questions for April 1st
  17. Responded to questions for April 6th
  18. Responded to questions for April 8th
  19. Responded to questions for April 13th
  20. Responded to questions for April 15th
  21. Responded to questions for April 20th
  22. Responded to questions for April 22nd
  23. Posted Midterm Report Blog Post
  24. Posted Final Report Blog Post


Dear Simone de Beauvoir / Urielle Umutoni Section 4 / Rough Draft

 * To anyone who does not know Simone de Beauvoir, she is a french-born writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist, and social theorist.*



Dear Madame Beauvoir, 

    I am Urielle Umutoni, and college student at Middle Tennessee State University in America. I am writing to you because in my class, Introduction to Philosophy, I was introduced to exploring you. I have attempted to write this letter 5 times now. The more research I do, the more I am fascinated on your stance on life and outlook. 

    Did you know that your text The Second Sex will be foundation ground book for the feminist movement? What were your thought that led to write. I have read about your past and your journey, so I am curious of what moment within your brought upon this The Second Sex?  I quote " One is not born a woman one becomes one." you bring this statement to light in your text, but I would have to say it shines bright in this day of time. My reason for this is fight for right for transgender people and other personal in the LGBTQ+ community. This community is for the Lesbians, Gays, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and anyone else close to their description. 

    In a 1975 interview, you said that quote is the basis of all of your many theories, and the meaning is simple" " being a woman is not a natural fact. It's the result of a certain history. No biological or psychological destiny defines a woman as such. She's the product of a history of civilization..." This way of thinking is very foreign to many people due to the social construct that has been established many years ago. 

    In an earlier (1959) interview,  you stated that having children can be important for women, but to reduce women to just having children is not fair because women are humans who can do more than have children. For example, you used Beatrix Beck, a writer, journalist, researcher, a single mother, and described her as self-sufficient. I have to say this is the interview I fell for you and your works because you continued to justify the male interviewer of a woman's capabilities. 

    If you were still alive today, I believe you would still be fighting for feminism. I believe you would be upset about the slow progress that has been. However, you would be impressed by the outspoken the younger generation is. I would like to say thank you for the impact that you have left on this world.


Sincèrement,

Urielle Umutoni



The grand total of posts this semester is 12. 


Machiavellianism - Rebecca Kumar Section 8

 

 “it is much safer to be feared than loved because ...love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails." - an excerpt from The Prince


                                              Niccolo Machiavelli- founder of Machiavellianism




Niccolo Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469, in Florence, Italy. He was known for being an Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statement and secretary of the Florentine republic. He was the son of Bernado, a man who used to work in Florentine's highest offices before becoming one of the poorer families. Nevertheless, Bernado was able to access books for Niccolo's reading. Machiavelli was considered a bright young man that quickly rose to a high position. It is still a mystery how he was able to secure a position in the republic's foreign affairs in subject territories. He wrote several writings, one that is quite notable for its controversial contents: The Prince.




This book is really a political essay for a reigning figure ( a prince) to maintain his power/ control over a government state. This is where the book seems a bit dangerous. According to Machiavelli, he believes that a prince should not be subjected to rules; he can use whatever means necessary to maintain power albeit violence and/or war. He should use whatever force to maintain control over his state. Although, he should keep up his appearance; whether it means that he should appear as a kind or benevolent ruler or show himself as a cruel judge doling out extreme punishment as a way to instill fear in the people to dissuade revolts. He prefers to show the cruel side because as you can see in the quote above, he thinks that love is an obligation between people, not an actual bond, that can be broken when humans start thinking selfishly. He knows that fear can straighten people out because they don't want to receive an extreme punishment to happen to them. This is one of the main themes throughout his book, a prince should be "cold" towards his subjects, as this is the proper way to control a government state. After this book, his name was tainted with encouraging dictatorial leadership. The one thing that made his name synonymous with evil, anarchy, and cruelness was the famous Shakespeare's character: the “murtherous Machevil”  Apparently, Machiavellianism is considered part of the Dark Triad in psychology, due to using others, with an evil intention, as a means to one's end. This is in line with narcissism and psychopathy, the other two in the triad.


Most people think of Machiavellianism as a totalitarian evil belief when it is another way to create and maintain a strong government; understanding the background of the view should dispel some of the evil reputations around its name. Although I don't 100% agree with Machiavelli, I can see some practicality in it. He wasn't too fond of being too kind to people, because then those people can prey on said kindness later, and I can understand that. However, I'm not going to go on the opposite extreme end and become a cold, closed-off person. I want to be a healthy balance of the two.  There is some good to being Machiavellianistic. One needs to think about themselves a little selfishly instead of being a giver all the time; it's a dog-eat-dog world out there, and always thinking of others won't boost you ahead (although you'll have a good reputation!) 


For more interesting information and a better summary, watch this video! 


For a more detailed explanation of his life and other works, click this link!


 


Works Cited

“A Quote from The Prince.” Goodreads.Com, www.goodreads.com/quotes/22338-it-is-much-safer-to-be-feared-than-loved-because. Accessed 3 May 2021.

“Niccolò Machiavelli - The Discourses on Livy.” Encyclopedia Britannica, www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli/The-Discourses-on-Livy. Accessed 3 May 2021.

Therapy, Harley. “What Is Machiavellianism in Psychology?” Harley TherapyTM Blog, 11 Oct. 2019, www.harleytherapy.co.uk/counselling/machiavellianism-psychology.htm#:%7E:text=Machiavellianism%20in%20psychology%20refers%20to,two%20being%20narcissism%20and%20psychopathy.

Tim. “Machiavelli Political Philosophy Summary.” Philosophy & Philosophers, 4 Apr. 2013, www.the-philosophy.com/machiavelli-political-philosophy-summary#:%7E:text=Because%20it%20is%20constantly%20under,to%20conduct%20a%20firm%20policy.

“What ‘Machiavellian’ Really Means - Pazit Cahlon and Alex Gendler.” YouTube, uploaded by TED-Ed, 25 Mar. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUlGtrHCGzs.

Carl Sagan and his many Accomplishments

                                                          

Carl Sagan

 Carl Sagan | Biography, Education, Books, Cosmos, & Facts | Britannica

Born: November 9, 1934

Died: December 20, 1996


Carl Sagan was a man of many great accomplishments that benefited many fields of study such as Philosophy, Astronomy, Cosmology, Astrophysics, Astrobiology, Space Science, Science Communication, and Planetary Science. In addition, he was a TV show star and an Author! He got his education from many Universities such as Cornell, Harvard, and Berkeley. He was also the winner of many awards:

  • Klumpke- Roberts Award
  • NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal
  • Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction
  • Emmy and Peabody Award for his TV show
  • Received 20 degrees
  • Oersted Medal
  • Medals for exceptional scientific achievement and for distinguished public service TWICE
  • Apollo Achievement Award
  • Asteroid 2709 Sagan named after him
  • John F. Kennedy Astronautics Awards of the American Astronautical Society
  • The Explorers Club Award on their 75th Anniversary
  • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky medal of the soviet cosmonautics federation
  • Mazursky award of the American astronomical society
  • Carl Sagan Award for Public Understanding of Science
Among his previously mentioned awards, he also had a lot more accomplishments and contributions:
  • Being the Consultant and Advisor to NASA
  • Had the chance to brief the Apollo Astronauts before their flight to the Moon
  • Helped with the process on the Mariner, both Vikings,  both Voyagers (trips to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) , and Galileo expeditions to other planets. 
  • He also had a theory that Venus did not posses tropical climate similar to Earth, which was confirmed after the Mariner trip to Venus
  • Solved the Mystery of the high temperatures in Venus (the results of a massive greenhouse effect)
  • Founder and First President of the Planetary Society
  • Confirmed that the color variations in Mars were due to dust in wind storms which was confined on expedition to Mars

Carl Sagan has an extreme impact on space sciences and astronomy, but first I want to hit on what he gave to philosophy. Even though Sagan believed highly in the existence of extraterrestrial life, he took a strong stance AGAINST pseudosciences such as astrology, UFO sighting, alternative medicines, and alien abductions. I found a quote on this website from his book Cosmos on page 333 that seems to cover what his philosophy is pretty well: 

"There is no other species on Earth that does science. It is, so far, entirely a human Invention, evolved by natural selection in the cerebral cortex for one simple reason: It works. It is not perfect. It can be misused. It is only a tool. But it is by far the best tool we have, self-correcting, ongoing, applicable to everything. It has two rules. First: there are no sacred truths, all assumptions must be critically examined; arguments from authority are worthless. Second: whatever is inconsistent with the facts must be discarded or revised. We must understand the Cosmos as it is and not confuse how it is with how we wish it to be. The obvious is sometimes false; the unexpected is sometimes true..."

I think this quote also matches nicely with one of his book that he wrote


In this book, he elaborates about the scientific method to what he called ‘laypeople’ (who were not qualified in giving a professional opinion because they don’t have knowledge of the topic). He tried to encourage people to adopt skeptical thinking. And that we should tests new ideas with skeptical thinking and rigorous questioning. 

So not only was Sagan a HUGE believer in being skeptical, but he was a ever bigger believer in extraterrestrial life. He believed that there must be other life and other planets that went through similar processes such as Earth to form life. He claimed that "The most exciting thing we can find in science is life on another planet. And I agree!

Sagan was so set on this hunt for other forms of life that he made an Institution for it! He called it 

SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence)

The purpose of the institute was to find life forms on other planets. They would do this by sending transmissions to other plants which was only possible by the recent invention of the radio. With SETI’s more recent research, we have found that there are tens of billions of worlds like us in our galaxy. Currently they are working on a way to search for laser flashes to find other signals present in the galaxy. They are also working on updating their systems so that they can monitor the entire sky simultaneously instead of one pixel at a time! This will be revolutionary technology! But it has barely begun. The SETI is now the new home to the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe.

Carl Sagan Video Talking about SETI
Carl Sagan Video Talking about Extraterrestrial

Two more accomplishments I would like to comment on about his assistant with space travel are the Voyager Golden Records and the Pioneer Plaque.




The Voyager Golden Records are two phonograph records that were on the Voyager Spacecraft that launched in 1977. The records have sounds and images that would best display the diversity of life and culture on Earth. They are made to be a sort of a time capsule and are there in case any intelligent extraterrestrial life that can find it and access it. I find this one of the most interesting things Carl Sagan has done.


Diagram

Description automatically generated

Two ships (the Pioneer 10 and 11 that Sagan also assisted on) had similar things to the Voyager Golden Records, but instead they were metal plaques that held their time and place of origin in case any others wandering through space could find them in the future. Carl Sagan created these plaques so that any alien civilization that found them knew who made them and where so we could make contact. This photo gives our location in the galaxies and has a naked woman and man drawn to show the relation to the spacecraft.


One thing that I found while doing research was another not-well-known book that Sagan wrote called


The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence


In this book (written in 1977), Carl Sagan combined all his fields of knowledge (computer science, anthropology, psychology, and evolutionary biology) to give people an insight on how human intelligence may have evolved. He discusses how he wants to find way to measure intelligence and one of his ways if measuring the brain to body mass ratio. Fun Fact: Humans have the highest ratio and dolphins have the second highest. The scale, however, doesn’t work when you get down to smaller animals such as ants! Another method he found was looking into the evolutions of the neocortex functions of the brain. He would do this by looking at “the evolutionary purpose of sleep and dreams, demonstration of sign language abilities by chimps and the purpose of mankind’s innate fears and myths”. While reading this article I also found out that the title of the book represents the early struggles that mankind had to survive in the face of predators such as reptiles (dragons).


Did you also know that Carl Sagan played a huge part in the Nuclear Arms Race?!


My pale blue dot is much paler than yours!” [OC] : comics


He was a strong believer that “humans’ beings were altering their environment in a way that would become unsustainable”, he was also an early believer of global warming. In 1983 he published an article with a photo that described “nuclear winter”. This image showed a scenario of “the world half-covered in gray shadows, dotted with white snow. Alongside this scene of devastation were the words: ‘Would nuclear war be the end of the world?”. Sagan tried to show everybody how serious this war was and not only the short-term effects of lost lives, but the long-term effects it would leave on this planet. He stated, “even a less-than-full-scale nuclear exchange…could cause global cooling and collapse of agriculture.”


Carl Sagan Interview about Arms Race

 

Now onto his biggest achievements!


The point of this book and the TV Show that paired with it were used to explain scientific ideas to anyone who was interested in learning. It mainly hit on the points of cosmic evolution and the development of science and how it affected the civilizations around it. He mixes ideas of the scientific method and philosophy to predict the future of science. He was also a strong believer that television was “one of the greatest teaching tools ever invented”. I would love to see what he thinks about the technology we have now! 


I also found two interesting quotes that Sagan made in Cosmos:


“Every one of us is, in the cosmic perspective, precious. If a human disagrees with you, let him live. In a hundred billion galaxies, you will not find another.” 


“The nitrogen in our DNA, the calcium in our teeth, the iron in our blood, the carbon in our apple pies were made in the interiors of collapsing stars. We are made of star stuff.” 



First Episode of Cosmos: Personal Voyage


Finally I have THE PALE BLUE DOT!


Voyager 1 finds a surprise at the edge of the solar system - Los Angeles  Times

Voyager 1

Voyager 1's Pale Blue Dot | NASA Solar System ExplorationPale Blue Dot 2020 - YouTube

Earth ("The Pale Blue Dot")


The Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of Earth taken by the Voyager 1 (1990) from 6 billion kilometers (3728227153.424 miles). In the photograph, the Earth is nothing more than less of a pixel compared to the vastness of space. The Voyager one as it was in the final stages of completing its mission was requested by Carl Sagan to turn around and take one last photo of Earth. The book he wrote as a sequel to Cosmosconveys how small we are. We are almost nothing of significance in the entirety of space and we will leave no impression when Earth is gone. As if nothing ever happened. No other planets or life forms would have known we existed, and we do not know of any others that have existed.

 

It really makes you think about how small we are. I feel very small when I look at the sky and see the stars and how big they are in scale to us. Nobody (that we know of) knows we are here besides us and none of our accomplishments or discoveries will mean anything to anyone that doesn’t live on Earth. It is crazy to think that all we have created truly doesn’t matter. All the hard work and lives sacrificed don’t really matter in the scheme of this. We are a useless speck in the universe and our lives are less than a grain of sand in an hourglass. 

Sometimes I can be poetic! :) 


Neil deGrasse Tyson reading of the Pale Blue Dot


Carl Sagan - Pale Blue Dot (Comic Strip) - Third Monk


Here is another interesting quote I found from the Pale Blue Dot:


“Look again at that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every "superstar," every "supreme leader," every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there-on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam…”


When looking at photos of the Pale Blue Dot, it reminded me of something I once learned in my High School Astronomy Class and something I am sure we touched on during this class, but I cannot recall when: The Copernican Principle. The Copernican Principle states that you are not special. This is not meant to offend anyone! You don’t live in a special place, a special time, you don’t see things from a special perspective. This is to show us a different frame of reference of the world. In addition, this extends to the Earth and our place in the universe. The Earth isn’t special, we are just a random rock floating through space. Nothing about us is special in relation to how vast the universe is. There are tons of stars like our Sun, there also may be other planets with life! We are not an anomaly.


And now I leave you with some questions :)

  1. Do you think we are alone in this Universe?
  2. Have you ever made a time capsule?
  3. What thing would you send off into space to tell the aliens of Earth
  4. Do you think the most "exciting thing we can find in science is another life"? If not, then what is?

E. Wayne Jones/ Section #4
April 24, 2021

A Meeting of Minds: My Conversation with two Philosophers
It was early one Saturday morning in a small Tennessee town and my wife needed some Apricot Juice to make her famous Lemon Cake. Since she needed Apricot Juice, I needed to get up early and go to Wal-Mart—15 miles away in next town. I hopped in my old truck and decided to take the back way through South Mills Road down by Crawler’s Creek and get in and out as quick as possible, that was the plan. Upon arrival to Wal-Mart I noticed the usual crowd of people entering the store in what I called Pajamas. “When are people going to grow up?”  I said out loud and I reached for the door nob to get out of my truck. That’s when I heard a squeaky voiced woman with a bit a Southern twang ask, “Why grow up?(2).” Nearly dropping my Covid 19 mask , I noticed a tan-skinned woman with curly black hair peering into the passenger window. Taking off her dark framed glasses, she said, “I’m Susan; you’ve been reading my book.”
Thinking I had forgotten to take my blood pressure medicine. “Have I lost my mind?” I asked.
“Oh no, I am quite real,” she replied, “do you think of growing up as a way of renouncing your hopes and dreams? (1).“Not really—I just see it as a way of claiming the responsibility, accountability that all adults must face. You know—like in the Bible—“When I became a man, I put away childish things…” (1 Corinthians 13:11).
“That’s a little ambiguous; I mean just what are childish things? “Do you agree that it takes courage to think for yourself?” (11) Do you think that quoting the Bible is thinking for yourself?
“It took thought for me to recall that verse if that’s what you mean. Now if you’ll excuse me, I’ve got to get my wife some apricot juice; she’s making a lemon cake. And I just love lemon cake.”
“Sir, you never answered my question.”
“Mam it’s not about questions; it’s about faith--a Christian concept. I know you do not think like Christians think, so I think I need to go into the store.”
“But sir, “Is travel necessary when growing up?” (13-16)
“I don’t know mam. I just need to travel into the store.”
“That’s as far as you will go in life, if you do not have the courage to think for yourself (11).
“How do you know that is courageous? How do you know I’m not crazy, eh?”
“Sir this is a special day, and I have come all the way from my home in Berlin to talk to you. As you know, “Distracting older people from objects of desire …[like Apricot juice]…is slightly more complicated, but what ever difficulty there may be is compensated for by the fact that the things that can be used to distract us are nearly limitless” (9).
    It was in that instant, that she snapped her fingers and a man appeared.
    “Hello, Ernest, I’m John Kaag. You’ve been reading my work as well.” Before I could figure out if I were in a crazy dream, he continued.  Ernest, Do you, “…realize how soon [you] will become [a] mere walking bundle of habits? (76) I mean buying Apricot Juice on a Saturday morning? Really? You could be doing anything and you choose this.
    “Do you wish you had a Samoan childhood?” (WGU 27), chimed in Susan.
    “Actually, I was quite fine with my childhood in Tennessee” minus a few uncomfortable times, I returned.
    “I’ve got this, Susan,” said John.  “Listen, why don’t you “practice yoga?” (91).
    “Well, I’ve got a bad knee…” I started.
    “Yoga can help you manage your habits effectively” (76).
I started to shake and he continued. “[You see] nervous systems, like our own, are not hardwired from the start (what fun would that be?) …” (76)  Then in a manner straight from the mind of Willie Wonka he spun away in a whirlwind. As I stood there in amazement, I heard Susan say, “Here Ernest is your apricot juice. I must go now.”   However, you should seriously take good look at  your life and decide when you were the happiest and just like that, she was gone.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaineVZ2MD8&list=RDCMUCTsiZiMomJo6FOyiBaFeaIw&index=1

Language Games

 

Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian/British Philosopher. He was born on April 26th, 1989 in Vienna. He came from a very wealthy and large family. Wittgenstein was the youngest of eight children. He studied mechanical engineering in Berlin and then went to England to do research in aeronautics. After studying engineering, his interest led to mathematics which in turn, led him to think about philosophical questions. After years of studying mathematics and logic, he wrote Philosophical Investigations, which was published after he passed. In this book, it states “ For a large class of cases–though not for all–in which we employ the word “meaning” it can be defined thus: the meaning of a word is its use in the language.” This brings us to our next point :


Language Games


Knowing the meaning of a word can involve many different things such as what part of speech it is, is it slang, or what objects the word refers to. Wittgenstein uses the word “is” as an example in his book. He states that it has two different meanings but its meaning is not its use. It has two distinct uses and meanings ( “water is clear” vs “water is H20” ). This video better explains the meaning of his logic:




Let's Play A Game :



What do you see in this picture? A rabbit? A duck? Both of these interpretations are correct but they vastly change how we interrupt the picture. Wittgenstein was trying to illustrate in his work that our preconceptions and our different definitions influenced our world and what we see. Without analyzing the core meaning, we can not really understand what we mean when we communicate which can cause miscommunication between individuals. We do not realize how important the meaning of our words really are, which is why I believe that misinterpreting someone can be likely. Wittgenstein's ideas can help us understand where our definitions come from and help us communicate as well.



Sunday, May 2, 2021

Cosmic philosophy

Think about it...
Supposing there was an original cosmic explosion which went FOOM, we—sitting around in this room now—are little curlicues on the end of it, you see? We are, actually—every one of us is—incredibly ancient.
(https://twitter.com/AlanWattsDaily/status/1388993772407726083?s=02)

Determinism (Section 8 Keylee Crutcher)

Keylee Crutcher Section 8

Introducing you to Determinism


A Definition of Determinism:

“Determinism, in philosophy, theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. Determinism is usually understood to preclude free will because it entails that humans cannot act otherwise than they do. The theory holds that the universe is utterly rational because complete knowledge of any given situation assures that unerring knowledge of its future is also possible.” 

( Read more here: https://www.britannica.com/topic/determinism )


For more of a deeper explanation of determinism (and free will) watch this YouTube video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCGtkDzELAI 



This video, that I linked above, gives a more detailed explanation of the thinking around determinism, libertarian free will, and reductionism. I really suggest you watch it if you thought the definition above didn’t make sense to you. 


To understand determinism, you also need to understand reductionism: “the view that all parts of the world, and of our experience, can be traced back- or reduced down- to one singular thing.” (from the video). Your “choice” to read this right now is only happening because you’re on this website right now, in this class, in this university, the list goes on all the way back to when you were born, when your ancestors was born, and ends up at the first thing that started everything. 


Determinism brings about some interesting questions, here is one that I would like you to think about:

Question: If we can’t actually control or choose what we do, should murders, for example, be held accountable?

My input: I do believe that it’s not entirely their fault they committed their crimes, they could’ve had a mental disorder for example, but I don’t think using determinism to justify what they did works. If we used this as a way to pardon these people, they’d just do it again or more people would start doing it seeing that there’s no penalty. When people learn things like this, and it actually affects them, some can feel like they’ve lost control of themselves and result to their urges. That’s not going to help anyone.  


If you would like to read more about determinism, free will, and questions like the one I just mentioned, I personally recommend Free Will by Sam Harris. It’s the book that first introduced me to the concept, and I think it did a good job of broadening my knowledge on it.


I would just like to say, determinism doesn’t have to make you feel like William James (described in the book we read Sick Souls, Healthy Minds) for example, it can also make you confident. It all just depends on you and how you “choose” to take this information. You could disbelieve it of course, but if you do believe it, it doesn’t have to make you depressed. Just try to think of it in terms like “I’m going to do all the things I want and be happy because that’s what’s meant to happen for me. This thinking isn’t negative because it just means I’ll do whatever is meant for me to do, because that’s what I’m going to end up doing anyways.” I understand this sounds a little convoluted, but I just wanted to share that this is how I think about it. 

Another thing I’d like to leave you with: obviously, don’t go around doing bad things because you think it’s fate or because you have no other choice, that is not the point of me writing this. On another note, I hope this gave you a nice introduction to determinism and intrigued you to want to learn more about it.☺






Total posts for the Semester: 26 = 24 discussion posts, midterm summary, and final blog post


Posted my introduction on Jan 28th

Responded to questions for Jan 28

Responded to questions for Feb 2nd

Responded to questions for Feb 4th

Responded to questions for Feb 9th

Responded to questions for Feb 11th

Responded to questions for Feb 16th

Responded to questions for Feb 18th

Responded to questions for Feb 25th

Responded to questions for March 2nd

Responded to questions for March 4th

Responded to questions for March 9th

Posted my Midterm summary under Questions March 11th

Responded to questions for March 23rd 

Responded to questions for March 25th

Responded to questions for March 30th 

Responded to questions for April 1st 

Responded to questions for April 6th 

Responded to questions for April 8th 

Responded to questions for April 13th 

Responded to questions for April 15th 

Responded to questions for April 20th 

Responded to questions for April 22nd 

Responded to questions for April 27th  

Final Blog post May 2nd 


Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence

Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence     

Jacob A. Malugin

Section #4


    Alan Turing born June 23, 1912, was a mathematician, computer scientist, and philosopher among other things. Although in regards to philosophy, he never considered himself a philosopher he earns that title for the considerable work his efforts contributed to the field. Alan turning was born in southern England and from an early age was exceptionally gifted in areas of mathematics and went on to create the Turing Machine in the late 1930s to help solve problems such as the halting problem. However, some of his most well-known achievements were of the work he did during the Second World War as a code breaker for the British government. His role in breaking the German code and further unraveling the German enigma code has been reported to have shortened the war in Europe by up to two years. The video below helps get an idea of his contributions during the war and to what effect they had on the war effort.



    Alan Turing is the best known however for one of his lifetime achievements, the Turing Test. This test he devised was based on an old-fashioned parlor game from the 19th century in which a male and a female would sit on the other side of a curtain and a judge would ask them written questions with written answers. The judge was responsible for discovering which person was the female and which person was the male by discerning that answer through the way they answered the questions. The Turing test was almost identical but instead replaced the female with a computer artificial intelligence and the judge had to figure out which was the computer and which was the person. The test was said by turning to determine if a computer was sentient or not by its ability to avoid detection as an AI by the judge. Turing predicted that when processing memory surpassed 100 Megabytes it would be impossible to separate the AI from a human but as we see today with our phones that have more memory than that, the test only factored in a machine learning ability when it came to patterns and recognition of those patterns.


    
    Alan Turing is widely considered to be the father of artificial intelligence and but I would guess you're asking yourself, what does this have to do with philosophy? Well, as I stated earlier, Turing never considered himself a philosopher but the work he did regarding the Mind-Body Problem and Dualism lead for many of his papers to be used in modern philosophical texts. For example in his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, turning gave a modern view on the traditional mind-body problem by comparing it also to its ability to be computable through mathematical means. This mind problem is based on the concept of Dualism or the idea that the mind and body are separate entities working together not a single entity on its own. The Mind-Body problem focuses on discerning the difference between the mind and the body which played into Turing's idea of discerning the difference between a human and an artificially created intelligence.



    In this next clip, you see a part of Alan Turing's life that I found extremely interesting, that being his personal life as a homosexual man.


     Alan Turing discovered himself as homosexual very early on in his childhood and he would have many male lovers throughout his school years. He even became engaged to a woman but it didn't last, although they both stayed on very good terms with each other. However, this life he lived was not acceptable at the time in England and as such he was ostracized by the country he saved. After helping break the Enigma codes in WWII, Turing was arrested on the acts of homosexuality with young adult men in the 1950s and was given two options, either face prison or submit to chemical castration through estrogen injections. Turing agreed to the castration and not many years after was found to have committed suicide by poisoning himself with cyanide. Turing's life was full of discrimination for the way he loved and who he did and he would not be apologized to by the British government until 2013.

    In conclusion, Alan Turing never considered himself a philosopher but the work he did with artificial intelligence help to further the debate over the mind and body and also created a new understanding of consciousness. He also helped to bring about a swift end to World War 2 and is held as a bastion for the LGBTQ community. Alana Turing not only helped gay rights, computer technology, and philosophy, he left a lasting legacy that is still remembered to this day.





Comments Total:

Responded to questions for Jan 28
Responded to questions for Feb 2nd
Responded to questions for Feb 4th
Responded to questions for Feb 9th
Responded to questions for Feb 11th
Responded to questions for Feb 16th
Responded to questions for Feb 18th
Responded to questions for Feb 25th
Responded to questions for March 2nd
Responded to questions for March 9th
Responded to questions for March 12th
Responded to questions for March 23rd
Responded to questions for March 25th
Responded to questions for March 30th
Responded to questions for April 1st
Responded to questions for April 6th
Responded to questions for April 8th
Responded to questions for April 13th
Responded to questions for April 20th
Responded to questions for April 22th
Responded to questions for April 27th

Total: 21 Responses.

Liar liar

"A reliable way to make people believe in falsehoods is frequent repetition, because familiarity is not easily distinguished from truth. Authoritarian institutions and marketers have always known this fact."
- Daniel Kahneman https://t.co/UvOcX9FKct
(https://twitter.com/EthicsInBricks/status/1388744679219412993?s=02)

A call to serve

Should Young Americans Be Required to Give a Year of Service?
A year of teamwork could help bridge our social divides.

American presidents have long vied to echo John Kennedy's "Ask not what your country can do for you."

The spirit of service, declared Ronald Reagan, "flows like a deep and mighty river through the history of our nation." Bill Clinton created AmeriCorps. George H.W. Bush likened volunteer organizations to "a thousand points of light." George W. Bush created the USA Freedom Corps. Barack Obama called on Americans to "ground our politics in the notion of a common good."

Their arguments are all the more compelling today, in a bitterly divided America struggling with a pandemic.

Many aging Vietnam-era veterans attest to the sense of community that came with either involuntary military service or the alternative service routes that those who refused the draft opted for. Conscription came to an end in 1973, and in the years since, this board has several times called on the government to expand the opportunities for national service, military or civilian. "For those young people who do not feel moved by patriotism or propelled by economics to enlist in the military, there should be other options for national service like AmeriCorps," we wrote in 2006.

The idea has a rich pedigree. When a nation is at peace, the philosopher-psychologist William James wrote in an early-20th-century essay, "The Moral Equivalent of War," the martial virtues of "intrepidity, contempt of softness, surrender of private interest, obedience to command" — the backbone of a strong nation, in his view — can be achieved through civic works...

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/01/opinion/us-national-service-draft.html?smid=em-share