Remember, you don't have to respond directly to my questions (but some of them will be on the exam, so you should in anyt case look for the texts that address them. If you can come up with relevant comments on your own, or additional discussion questions, please do.
Aristotle-LHP 2. Rec: FL 3-4. HWT Sections 1-3
In CoPhi it's time again for Aristotle. A couple of years ago I talked about him in the Honors Fall Lecture Series [slideshow*]... and noticed some affinity between Aristotle and Socrates, maybe more than between Socrates and his supposed devotee Plato... (continues)
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LHP 2
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
FL
5. What did Sir Walter Raleigh help invent (other than cigarettes) that contributed to "Fantasyland" as we know it today? Was he a "stupid git," as the Beatles song says?
6. What was western civilization's first great ad campaign? Does advertising and the constant attempt to sell things to people have a negative impact on life in the USA?
7. What did Sir Francis Bacon say about human opinion and superstition? Do you ever attempt to overcome your own confirmation bias?
8. Which early settlers are typically ignored in the mythic American origin story? Also: what about the early "settlers" who were brought here against their wills and enslaved?
9. What had mostly ended in Europe, but not America, by the 1620s, and what did the Puritans think would happen "any minute now"? Why do you think people keep making this mistake?
HWT
10. What is pratyaksa in classic Indian philosophy, and how does the Upanishads say to seek it?
11. There is widespread belief in India that the practice of yoga can lead to what? Do you think it can?
12. What is metanoetics, in Japanese philosophy?
13. What does ineffable mean? Is it possible, though paradoxical, to use words to indicate something you can't put into words?
14. Unlike the west, religion in Japan is typically not about what? And what is it about to you?
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Aristotle on slavery and the subjugation of women
Aristotle was generally a brilliant ethicist, BUT…
"Aristotle wrote Europe's greatest foundational works of ethics and politics, but only in the context of free Greek males: everyone else was of a lesser nature. This meant women, of course, but also those he categorized as naturally born for enslavement. The way to identify such a person, according to Aristotle, was this: "Someone is . . . a slave by nature if he is capable of becoming the property of another (and for this reason does actually become another's property) and if he participates in reason to the extent of apprehending it in another, though destitute of it himself." This last clause was mainly to distinguish enslaved people from non-human animals, who could not even recognize reason when they saw it. With that proviso, the main point here was that you could spot those who were meant to be enslaved from the fact that they were currently enslaved. For them, clearly, "the condition of slavery is both beneficial and just." Aristotle further clarified the situation by comparing enslavement to the equally natural dominance of men over women. Aristotle's "slave nature" theory was used to justify centuries of later exploitation."
— Humanly Possible: Seven Hundred Years of Humanist Freethinking, Inquiry, and Hope by Sarah Bakewell
"Aristotle wrote Europe's greatest foundational works of ethics and politics, but only in the context of free Greek males: everyone else was of a lesser nature. This meant women, of course, but also those he categorized as naturally born for enslavement. The way to identify such a person, according to Aristotle, was this: "Someone is . . . a slave by nature if he is capable of becoming the property of another (and for this reason does actually become another's property) and if he participates in reason to the extent of apprehending it in another, though destitute of it himself." This last clause was mainly to distinguish enslaved people from non-human animals, who could not even recognize reason when they saw it. With that proviso, the main point here was that you could spot those who were meant to be enslaved from the fact that they were currently enslaved. For them, clearly, "the condition of slavery is both beneficial and just." Aristotle further clarified the situation by comparing enslavement to the equally natural dominance of men over women. Aristotle's "slave nature" theory was used to justify centuries of later exploitation."
— Humanly Possible: Seven Hundred Years of Humanist Freethinking, Inquiry, and Hope by Sarah Bakewell
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Aristotle on the work of a human being
"If we posit the work of a human being as a certain life, and this is an activity of soul and actions accompanied by reason, the work of a serious person is to do these things well and nobly. …But, in addition, in a complete life. For one swallow does not make a spring, nor does one day. And in this way, one day or a short time does not make someone blessed and happy either."
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"Beyond the reach of social anxiety"
As Eleanor Roosevelt said, "You wouldn't worry so much about what other people think of you, if you realized how seldom they do."
"...in order to feel social anxiety, you have to believe that other people’s negative opinions of you are worth getting upset about, that it’s really bad if they dislike you and really important to win their approval. Even people who suffer from severe social anxiety disorder (social phobia) tend to feel “normal” when speaking to children or to their close friends about trivial matters, with a few exceptions. Nevertheless, they feel highly anxious when talking to people they think are very important about subjects they think are very important. If your fundamental worldview, by contrast, assumes that your status in the eyes of others is of negligible importance, then it follows that you should be beyond the reach of social anxiety."
How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius by Donald J. Robertson
Aristotle at Existential Comics... Aristotle in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP)... The moral and intellectual virtues listed...
ReplyDeleteWhat Aristotle meant by this phrase was that just because one swallow appears doesn't mean that summer has come. Which means that a few moments of pleasure don't add up to true happiness. Yes I do agree. I think this is a very good piece of wisdom and almost every person who's older than me can attest to that. Good days can easily be followed by bad.
I completely agree with your standpoint as to what Aristotle meant when he wrote of swallows and summer. It definitely takes more than a couple moments of pleasure to be truly happy.
DeleteThe difference between the two is this, Plato in the painting is pointing upwards towards the world. However, Aristotle is painted reaching out towards the world in front of him. This is Aristotle rejecting Plato's Theory of Forms and instead believed that to truly understand something you have to study the details of it in reality. I agree more with Aristotle because I think he's right with the only way to figure out the form of a being is to see real life versions of it, not just ponder on the form like Plato.
ReplyDeleteEudaimonia means the feelings you get when your doing something you enjoy. Like the feeling you get when you read your favorite book or have your favorite dinner. We can increase the chances of achieving it by developing the right kind of character. By getting into good habits and adopting good traits we can increase the amount of good experiences we have. I don't think I have achieved it yet, maybe a small piece of it, but I don't think anyone truly has. I think it's something that everyone will strive for, because no one can be of perfect character. We all have flaws and bad habits we have, but its the effort at fixing those flaws and working on ourselves that show the true goodness in a person.
ReplyDelete1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteAristotle was trying to prove that just because one has multiple experiences of happiness or emotion, it doesn’t necessarily mean that one is happy. I can agree with this because being happy comes with many more reasons than just having a couple of good experiences. Oftentimes, being happy has to do with one’s mindset, surrounding environment, health, and other significant factors. As Aristotle compared it, just as one warm day does not prove summer has arrived, multiple happy experiences aren't necessarily proof of a happy life. I believe happiness comes from the improvement in one’s self rather than seeking the approval or validation from others around you.
I agree with your interpretation of Aristotle's reasoning behind writing swallows of summer. I think that we as humans do this because we like to notice trends. If its cold many days in a row we will most likely don a jacket before leaving your house. Or if you are gaining weight you might start to notice your eating habits. However I think that emotions are not that simple. This could also explain why people become so depressed when they have a bad couple of days or weeks and say things like "I used to be so happy". No, you just had a good run at some good moments that made you feel happy. I think that this can be a constructive idea, that might help someone out of a "Bad Time" while also be a destructive idea. It could become destructive for someone on the other side of the scale who is killing it in life that may think that they're good times are pointless since its just a chain of emotions. However I disagree and think that its positive because if you realize that the good times are temporary so enjoy them, and that bad times will eventually waiver, just being in the moment and appreciating both can create happiness.
DeleteI agree with this point of view and I feel like it connects to sociology’s understanding of how humans work. One experience cannot define us, as it takes multiple points to even build half of someone’s personality or views. You might have failed once but it won’t always mean you’ll fail, same with success. I believe that to live a happy life, you must go through all stages of it, including the down sides. Just like death, you can’t be grateful with what you have unless you’ve experienced how it is without it in the first place.
DeleteI agree with a more nuanced view of what actual "happiness" means. Brief moments of joy do not equate to a happy life. For example if you would describe the high you get from drugs as happiness, that wouldn't be real happiness. It is just chemical reactions in your brain that won't last, and the feeling definitely won't last either.
DeleteI like your analogy saying that just because it is hot one day does not mean summer has arrived.
Delete3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
ReplyDeleteEudaimonia is described as the feelings of achievement or happiness from things that you can control in your own life, as well as positively interacting with others in an orderly way. However, outside circumstances and things that happen to people we love can also affect happiness in this idea. We as humans can increase our chances of achieving it by improving only the things that we can control and know of in our lives. Aristotle also makes the point that we have to practice good habits that will develop our individual character. I do not think I have achieved this idea entirely, but I have experienced small chunks of this happiness. However, I don’t necessarily agree with Aristotle in this idea fully because I think having things outside of your control affect you, while unfortunate, should be something you train your mind not to happen. While I still believe you can and should be affected if something happens to someone you know or care about, I think being able not to react emotionally when certain outside events occur which are out of your control is a very important skill/trait to have.
I agree with you for the most part, but Aristotle states that it is more than just feelings. Good response regardless.
DeleteIm not sure if we could ever truly reach "euadimonia".The idea of if it is way too complex for us to truly understand, with outside factors, as you said, affect us as well.
DeleteI believe that eudaimonia is more of a mindset that comes and goes depending on the status and position of our lives. Us Human beings are not ones with linear emotions. With this being said as we experience different highs and lows, we may believe that we have reached eudaimonia.
DeleteAristotle's depiction of euadimonia, when looked at in depth, is more akin to being a functional component of society that both fulfills and individuals sense of self and serves to help and benefit the society as a whole. Even the book expresses that the word eaudimonia doesn't directly translate to "happiness", but instead is often translated as success, harmony and fulfillment. Life will always be filled with ups and downs, but the important thing is to be flexible enough to ride the waves while still sticking to your core belief system.
Delete4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
ReplyDeleteCompletely relying on what someone else has said without questioning goes against Aristotle’s research. Personally, I do not have a sole person I defer to besides God, as my religion heavily guides my choices. Aside from Him, though, I oftentimes like to get the opinions of many friends and family members before coming to a solid conclusion. I think that, especially in society today, the media heavily influences people to believe one thing without doing much research. Oftentimes, major news outlets’ headlines are what people defer to to shape their opinion on something or someone. Very few people nowadays are open to even considering the other side and hearing the opinions of others because everyone has become divisive. While I don’t know much, I could make a pretty solid guess and say the media is a major part of this divide. I do know, however, that a way people could combat this would be by being open to seeing the other side. Taking a step back from their usual stances and maybe taking a chance to look at other articles or hearing other people’s opinions could allow some more common ground to be introduced. In the end, we are all humans and have a tendency to want to be right; however, if we can all set aside our beliefs and take a second to interact and talk to one another, I do believe this issue can be solved.
This is such a great perspective, and I totally agree with you. Relying on what someone else says without questioning it definitely goes against Aristotle’s way of thinking. You’re so right about how the media plays a huge role in shaping opinions, and a lot of people don’t take the time to dig deeper or look at other viewpoints.
DeleteI love your point about being open to seeing the other side it’s such a simple but powerful way to help with all the division we see. It’s not about giving up your beliefs but just being willing to listen and find some common ground. If more people could do that, things would probably feel a lot less tense. And it’s cool how you tie this back to your faith it really adds a personal touch to your thoughts.
I agree that deferring to Aristotle as being truth by authority goes against the principles of his philosophy. The core of Aristotle's work is defined by self development, pursuit of knowledge and personal fulfillment. By following the footsteps of another, all three of these things are either lacking or absent entirely.
DeleteI like the point that you make about how many people often accept information from media sources or figures of authority as fact without stepping back to question their own biases and the credibility of their sources. I agree that gaining a wider world view through collaboration and compromise can help people progress towards finding more of a middle ground, especially with polarizing topics.
DeleteThe point Aristotle was making when he said “One swallow doesn’t make a summer” was that one or several happy moments throughout a life don’t make a happy life. I think it’s a great metaphor for the concept it was explaining, but to me it seems broader in application. Maybe as a concept of critical thinking or analytics. Something like a warning not to base your assessments about the world on only one data point.
ReplyDelete^Nate Griffin
DeleteThe painting /The School of Athens/
ReplyDeleteimplies Plato was far less interested in the physical world than Aristotle. I’m somewhere in the middle, personally. Life wouldn’t be nearly complete without abstract concepts for my brain to chew on, but I think the physical reality we live in is meant to be experienced and the time we have is meant to be shared.
Delete^^Nate Griffin
Delete1- Aristotle was attempting to make the point that a few moments of joy don't equal true happiness. I do agree with this. to put it simply, for example, if you do not like your life, for whatever the reason may be, one good day, moment, or experience wont automatically turn your life around. once that moment of joy has ended, your life will return to its original state
ReplyDeleteI think you’re absolutely right - it is each unique experience, good and bad, compounded. Just because we fail one time or have one bad experience doesn’t mean we just give up. Continue to learn from each experience.
DeleteThis response reminds me of myself and others who have mental illness issues that may be a sort of block to being able to achieve this happiness. But just like people without that limit it is something that everyone has to actually work towards, so we are all on this journey even if some are more difficult than others.
DeleteI have a different definition of happiness from whats described initially in the book. I find happiness to be a fleeting experience in life as opposed to a culmination of actions, beliefs and accomplishments. As the book references, eudaimonia is often actually translated to success, harmony and fulfillment. As such, I believe what Aristotle is pointing us towards lies more aligned with self development and playing a role to make the world around us a better place while also finding and engaging in activities that provide self fulfillment.
Delete2- Plato believed you did not need to experience the world to understand it, and Aristotle believed the opposite. While I can understand both perspectives, I ultimately agree with Aristotle, as I am an empiricist
ReplyDelete- Serenity Fortner
DeleteI'm going to have to side with you and Ari on this one. All the things of life that are good in my mind have been because of things I've experienced. Food in new places, sun or rain on my skin, sunsets with friends, women I've loved etc. are all because I've experienced more and more of the world. I think these experiences have lead me to understand the world and my calling through freewill, which have ultimately lead me to my point I'm at with God and my philosophy of life. However the bad things have done WAYYYYY more for me and my understanding of life such as death, loss, pain, hate, angst, stress, anxiety, depression etc. It makes the refuge of my faith just that much better
DeleteI think I agree with Plato. People are not as understanding of major events unless they have been through them personally.
DeleteI would have to say I agree with Aristotle and I am an empiricist too. How could one possibly understand the world without experiencing it
DeleteI feel a mixed pull between Plato and Aristotle. While Plato seems to speak on the natural order of the world, the deeper construct behind behavior and decision making, Aristotle seems to instead focus on the malleable nature of ones sense of self and how we have free will to do as we choose and should use that freedom to do right by ourselves and others. I believe that both perspectives are valuable with Aristotle giving an individual guidebook to being a better person and Plato's philosophy building on that at a structural and societal level. Sure, every man can strive to be good, but individually we are weak and scattered. As a society, with foundational values and direction we create a structure to build a more uniform and functional community.
DeleteI totally agree. While Plato makes an interesting argument, its hard to understand things in the world that we don't have personal experience in.
Delete4- relying on someone elses word to form your own beliefs just because they are in a position of authority was against the spirit of Aristotle's research. Personally, I rely on science, or fact. I do not rely on someone elses word just because they have money, power, or fame. Whether it comes from a trusted source, such as a scientist or doctor, I like to know they have credibility, and extensive knowledge, in the subject they are speaking on. That being said, I do think hearing opinions on things that do not have an objective answer is important too, but if you do seek out the opinions of others on a subjective matter, you should always think if it aligns with your own beliefs and experiences before claiming that opinion to be one of your own.
ReplyDelete- Serenity Fortner
DeleteI agree with this view, knowing that your ideas are built upon things you’ve seen or heard from others can help when trying to make your own decisions. This makes sure you’re more aware of what you intake and makes you less vulnerable to propaganda, which tries to implement into you a set of views while making you think you’re agreeing willingly.
DeleteI absolutely agree, figuring out your own values and where you personally stand on things makes it easier to sort out the good from the bad in terms of sources. You aren't as easily convinced when you stand strong with what you think and hopefully that also means you are willing to hear out other points of view with an open mind.
DeleteThe point that Aristotle was making was that it doesn't tale one moment to define what something truly is. You have to experience more of something to truly understand what that something is and to know what it means. As for whether I agree or not, I definitely do. To understand something, you have to experience something more than once.
ReplyDeleteThe difference between Plato and Aristotle in the painting "The School of Athens," was that Plato wanted to stay home and think on what the meaning of things were, but Aristotle wanted to experience the world and understand everything through that way and get to know things up front and center. I'm on Aristotle's side of this. I don't want to sit in an armchair all day and think, I want to get out and experience the world.
Manoetics, as defined in the book, is to give up on knowing through one's own efforts and reasoning. I see this as something that takes away your own thoughts and feelings on anything and only makes you a sort of robot that only takes in information from whatever source you see. This isn't a way to live happily or almost at all. People need to think for themselves and make their own decisions through life so they can keep a healthy mind and even pass on their own thoughts and maybe further someone else's understanding of a subject.
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteYes I do agree with this, let's use work as an example, lets say one day you're scheduled with your coworkers that you really enjoy working with the next day you find out that the group you enjoy working with the most no longer works there anymore.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Eudaimonia is translated at "flourishing or success" and defined as the concept of living a complete and fulfilled life. I think a key part to achieving it changes for everyone. I think the best way to achieve this would be to find out what one person gets easily stressed or worried about and if they can fix the issue or issues it would take that burden from them. Personally I have not reached it but I am confident that I can identify what it is I need to do to reach the feeling of eudaimonia.
4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
Relying on someone else's authority was completely against the Spirit of Aristotles research. I don't have one source that I rely on specifically, I tend to bounce around sources and whichever source that makes the most sense and does a good job at getting me to the point of fully understanding the answer I was looking for is what I will go with. Sticking with one source is not a recipe for success in my opinion, it is like the news today one station will be saying this and the opposing station will be saying the complete opposite and this also plays a part of gathering information is finding information that isn't biased one way or the other.
Eudaimonia can be defined as a good life well lived. This is a very complex concept as every person has different values. For one person a satisfying life mean making a large amount of money or owning your own business. For another person a well lived life could mean settling down, getting married and having a family. It is really of matter of personal worldview regarding if one has achieved it. I feel I still have a long ways to go but I hope I reach it one day
ReplyDeleteI am not disagreeing with you completely, but I find it interesting that you assume money, owning a business, and settling is what makes a good life... I would say eudaimonia has nothing to do with "worldly" achievements and more to do with a flourishing and abundance of something more than temporary happiness in your life... For example, money will get spent (stuff happens), you could lose all that money, and your "happiness" would be no more. You could own a business and be happy about it, but businesses are cutthroat and hard to maintain, which would not lead to happiness 24/7. Or even settling down and having a family... this is a beautiful thing and can bring you a lot of happiness, but it will 100% bring you stress and anxiety about both your partner and kids (not to mention the financial stress of having a family). These examples of a good life you give don't seem to be what eudaimonia is about (in my eyes). I don't think someone would have an unhappy life with money, a business, and kids, but I don't think they would achieve pure/ complete happiness in those ways. I think eudaimonia speaks to something more complex and abstract than just worldly/ temporary happiness... if that makes sense? (I hope that didn't come across as rude fyi, I just have a different outlook on it!!)
Delete4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
ReplyDeleteOne should not completely rely on the the ideas of others. As our own individual beings we should strive to create our own code. To have our own philosophies and beliefs. Sure we can take bits and pieces but one should not completely copy another's ideas. Instead build your own philosophy to leave your mark on the world.
I like the way you worded your response, I completely agree!
DeleteI agree, we should always at least make a effort to find answers to things for ourselves, and not confine to everyone around us beliefs.
DeleteI agree with this, I think it's okay to be a little cynical as that skepticism may lead to new found information that can even lead to a person agreeing on the original idea and now you have broader ideas to share.
Delete1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteAristotle was making the point that happiness can often be fleeting. One simple positive event does not mean that the rest of your life will turn positive. I believe that I agree, it matters what you do repeatedly. If you go to the gym one day you will not see change. But if you go to the gym repeatedly for years on end you will change. It matters what you do every single day.
This is Will Phillips
Delete"Flourishing" isn't entirely the same for us all, we have different "delights," enthusiasms, pastimes, ambitions, talents, avocations etc. And yet, Aristotle and the Greeks did believe that all humans share a rational capacity to cultivate and exemplify moral and intellectual virtue, or excellence (arete). We all have the potential to develop our intellects and our characters, albeit in different ways and to different degrees. We're all different AND we're all the same. We're individuals but we're also social beings. And the latter fact imposes limits on just how differently a virtuous person can behave. You can't flourish and achieve excellence if your idea of the good life involves misanthropic behavior. We can't just say anything goes, that one is free to define flourishing as they choose. There is a human nature we must not pervert, on pain of being ostracized or penalized. People who behave badly thus cannot be said to be virtuous by their own lights. To be a virtuous human, you must personify your shared humanity.
ReplyDeleteAnd as the late great singer/songwriter John Prine said: "some humans ain't human"...
The idea of eudaimonia reminds me of Lucretius’ work, On the Nature of Things. Primarily because of the one reference he makes (based on another philosopher I can not seem to remember) about himself and how he has reached the “sunset of his life.” The idea of eudaimonia and reaching the sunset of your life go hand in hand together. It is not exactly happiness but a higher state of being; true happiness. It makes me wonder if we are born with any ounce of eudaimonia, or (like the sunset) it must be found within your long life or even your afterlife…
ReplyDeleteFrom what I understand, eudaimonia is something akin to the satisfaction you get from flourishing, like a plant that’s bloomed and Aristotle argued that children, though frequently happy, couldn’t experience it. This leads me to believe that the connection you drew between eudaimonia and the sunset of one’s life is accurate and that we aren’t born with it. If we were born with eudaimonia, it couldn’t inspire people to act as virtuously as possible in pursuit of it. benefits each individual, everyone around them, and in turn, society as a whole.
DeleteThat’s such a cool connection to Lucretius and the idea of the sunset. Eudaimonia really does feel like something deeper than just happiness more like a sense of true fulfillment you build up over time. Comparing it to a sunset makes it feel like something you only really grasp when you look back on your life and see how far you’ve come. As for whether we’re born with it or have to find it, Aristotle would probably say we all have the potential, but it’s up to us to live a meaningful, virtuous life to really achieve it. And the whole idea of it tying into the afterlife? That’s a really interesting twist definitely something worth thinking about.
DeleteDoes anyone else ever wonder how many great thinkers were probably lost because they didn’t have the education or social status to become revolutionaries? For me, I think about how many intelligent women were lost in history because they were deemed as “slaves” to men. Aristotle’s justification of women being under men is a common example of this. Women had no rights, let alone opportunities to succeed in the academic world of the time. I wonder if we could have been further ahead with ideas and technology if women were given more opportunities to succeed in ancient times…
ReplyDeleteI think that there is a very long list of wonderful, intelligent, and gifted humans that have been silenced due to different ideologies and circumstances. This can also be compared to the saying that "the winners of war write the history book". There could be so much knowledge and wisdom lost to different causes ranging from just time to the edge of a sword. I think that if we chose to dig deeper into history we can see the beauty in those who were lost to time or to this circumstances, such as looking at the women behind the men that put/kept them there. Cleopatra is a great example who arguably prevented never ending blood shed in the Mediterranean lands in her life by uniting Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony
DeleteI often think about what people in the 80s said about there being flying cars in the future or how different the world is going to be. When I think of this, it makes me wonder how much more progress could have been made if it weren't for discrimination, poverty and many other factors. We could have learned more about our solar system if it weren't for people getting killed for it back in the 1600s or how the internet could have existed decades prior if minorities were allowed into the many fields they were excluded from.
DeleteThat's a great point. Historically, as a species, philosophers and science was mostly dominated by men, yet some of the greatest advancements in those fields came from prominent women, such as Marie Curie. It's hard to imagine ancient society without patriarchal systems, but I could see far greater progress in shorter times with larger brainpower from women and minorities overall.
DeleteI've always thought of this seeing as through-out history the more groups of people came together the faster we made technological achievements and obtained higher knowledge. With the creation of global organizations and knowledge can now be shared with almost anyone anywhere in the world has advanced civilization a lot in my opinion.
Delete^Jacoby Meredith 007
DeleteWhat point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteThe point Aristotle was trying to make makes since in that regard in a way. I don't necessarily agree, however, when he connects it to children's happiness. It absolutely takes more than one warm day to prove that summer has come. But I don't think that point relates to the fact that pleasure doesn't add up to true happiness. Unless you expect true happiness to be permanent and long, in which case I would not agree. I think children can absolutely be happy even though they haven't experienced many days of happiness, in the same way, I can be happy about a great relaxing day even though I don't have them all the time. I don't believe you can expect to have true happiness in this life in the way that Aristotle expects it.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Eudaimonia is basically saying that there is a way of living that suits us best, and if we live like that we can find true happiness. It is not finding happiness through joyful fun vacation days, but it is flourishing daily in ways that we can use our power of reason. I think in a way I have learned how to live better in these ways, however as I do, I don't live for Eudaimonia or use it as my motivator.
4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
For example in the book it says, Galileo Galilei tested out Aristotle's theory and disproved it. I would say relying on that, and not believing in Aristotle's research would be against him. Coaches are authorities that probably too often defer to. It is because it can be hard to achieve success in sports if you do not listen to your coach.
This is Henry Hamlin #006
Delete1.What did Sir Walter Raleigh help invent (other than cigarettes) that contributed to "Fantasyland" as we know it today? Was he a "stupid git," as the Beatles song says?
ReplyDeleteSir Walter Raleigh helped invent the lie of prevalent gold in the New World. This created an environment where early settlers were chasing mere phantoms and didn't bother to think more rationally about the actual possibility for there to be gold. This concept of a "fantasyland" is very omnipotent today with the rise of disinformation that people believe unconsciously and it causes real world harm and bias. It feels a lot of modern political discussions are built on foundations of sticks or misinformation. This is a great problem that is really hard to control considering the propagation of social media that threads misinformation all throughout. The most notable example of this is Elon Musk's X or Twitter.
2. Which early settlers are typically ignored in the mythic American origin story? Also: what about the early "settlers" who were brought here against their wills and enslaved?
The settlers of Jamestown were typically the ones back seated in re-telling of the American mythic story. This was in large part due to people wanting further generations to learn that the early non-native settlers were idealistic and wanted freedom to act on their ideals. I think this story is an unfair account of early America as it serves a narrative of freedom and liberty were the primary themes and motivation for going to America which wasn't necessarily the case. If this question is about indentured servants, early settelers thought they were necessary because the people that went to America weren't living off the land sort of people and didn't have skills or the knowledge to accomplish the basic tasks of early colonial life. In addition, Native Americans refused to be enslaved and aggressively protested against it so the early colonists decided to bring poor Englishmen with them to labor. This isn't that widely covered in histories of the time period because it is contradictory the popular narrative that the early colonists were conscientious and righteous.
3. What was western civilization's first great ad campaign? Does advertising and the constant attempt to sell things to people have a negative impact on life in the USA?
Western civilization's first great ad campaign was of the fantasy of gold and wealth that was supposed to be omnipresent. This falsehood was believed by anyone dreamy and unquestioning enough. I believe that advertising and the prevalence of a culture of consumerism has had a negative effect on our culture. We are tempted to buy things that we in reality never or never will need to live a fulfilling life. It props up the notion that a fulfilling life is built on money or that new phone or that new inflatable trampoline. It also has a profound effect on our climate change with corporations and people buying so much stuff that will sit for thousands of years.
1. When Aristotle wrote the metaphor of swallows and summer, he was saying that a few moments do not dictate your entire life. "A few moments of pleasure do not add up to true happiness", and I agree with this statement. It is also like saying that a bad moment does not make a bad day. I believe that being happy is a feeling but being joyful is the overall achievement. Aristotle believes that happiness should be your overall achievement. I agree, but I like using joy instead of happiness. I want someone to ask me if I enjoy my life or do I find joy in my every day life, and I want my answer to be yes. Joy is something that I strive for every day. No matter how bad the day started or ended you have to look at the little moments that made the day go right or just a little bit better.
ReplyDeleteI like your analysis and reframing of the central argument to fit into your own personal philosophy. I agree that our happiness does not have to be determined by the sum of the good or bad things that happen to us, but how we strive to live a good life. This is easier said than done of course. I think as humans we have the power to choose to be happy despite our circumstance.
DeleteI think this connects to what Aristotle meant when he weirdly claimed that children lacked the capacity to be truly happy in his definition. My understanding of this is you have to experience bad days and pain to gain the skills to remain optimistic or more tangibly to remain melioristic.
I love how you’ve reframed Aristotle’s idea by focusing on joy instead of happiness. Joy feels more active and intentional, something you can cultivate even on tough days, which aligns beautifully with his emphasis on long-term fulfillment. Your mindset of finding joy in small moments, even when things aren’t perfect, is such a powerful way to live. It shows resilience and a true understanding of what it means to strive for a meaningful life.
Delete1.) The point Aristotle was trying to make was that true happiness is not based on short term joyful moments. Or that your birthday is not based on the little good or bad things that happen in your life. According to Aristotle, true happiness can only be achieved with a longer life.
ReplyDelete2.) The philosophical difference between the two philosophers is that Plato believed that you could get the best philosophical views through just analyzing the world around you using your mind. Aristotle, on the other hand, was more hands on with his research and believed that the best philosophical view is by going out into the real world and analyzing it that way.
3.) Eudaimonia is when your true happiness is surrounded by your achievements and how they affect others. It is about the choices we make that make or break our lives. What it takes to reach eudaimonia, according to Aristotle is "developing the right character". What that means is that you should practice good habits and create good patterns of virtues. I won't say that I have achieved it fully yet, but I am trying to keep a good pattern.
4.) The reliance of someone else's authority was against Aristotle's research. Basically, that you shouldn't base your research on other people's research. Just because someone else says that it is correct doesn't mean you can't test it for yourself. The authorities that I defer to are usually my parents, but I don't always base my knowledge off of their advice, I figure things out for myself.
1. Aristotle believed true happiness does not come from short periods of pleasure. I agree that lasting happiness cannot not manifest itself in spurts of pleasant experiences. I have also heard some describe joy as an long enduring happiness and peace, whereas happiness is short term experiences.
ReplyDelete2. Plato focuses on the oustide world; the world beyond what we can see. Artistotle focuses on the present and what he can reach. I agree with aspects of both. While Plato believed in the world of Forms, I believe in a spirtual realm. Because there is a greater purpose for our life and spirtuality, we have a misson on this earth with the things we can see: relationships, needs, and opportunities.
3. One thing I thought was interesting was how Socrates responded to his wife. When Socrates's wife found out the future of her husband, she was deeply moved. Socrates responsed by removing her from the area he would be executed.
1. Aristotles point when he wrote swallows and summer was that a moment of happiness does not make one happy. I agree with this because anyone can have a moment of happiness but still not be a happy person. Same thing with bad moments or a bad day, just because someone has a bad day does not mean they have a bad life.
ReplyDelete2. Eudaimonia to Aristotle means living well and basing ones decisions on true happiness. Practicing good habits and goals is a good way to achieve eudaimonia. I don't think I have achieved it but I am actively trying.
3. Relying on someone else's authority was against Aristotle's spirit of research. He believed that authority didn't prove anything by itself. I feel this way about ads on TV, if I don't try it for myself I am not going to believe the product works.
1. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
ReplyDeleteThat understanding came from reality not the idea of reality. This could be from the lack of truly understanding what Plato is on about, but I have to go with Aristotle
2. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Aristotle’s idea of success and to gain it is to have the correct character habits so that when the situation arises you respond in the correct way. Maybe I’m close to it, I feel as though I respond to scenarios with appropriate responses that accumulate to my flourishing and of those around me
In response to the first question regarding Aristotle's writing about swallows signaling the start of summer. Aristotle's logic in this particular example is the basis of inductive reasoning. It takes many supporting examples to make a sound and well supported generalization or rules from them.
ReplyDeleteThe early arrival of a single warm weather bird migrating back to its spring time home alone cannot lead one to decisively rule that winter was over through inductive reasoning. Birds arriving in great number however would more strongly indicate a temperature trend towards warming and lead one to the conclusion that the season had changed.
I believe the point he was trying to make relies on the emphasis of situation. The expectation of something prior to an occurrence solidifies how the situation is recognized. So when recognizing the swallow before the summer he equates believing and knowing to a swallow and the summer.
ReplyDeleteI could be completely wrong about this, but I think what Aristotle was referring to as a swallow which he related to summer is because a swallow is a type of bird that usually come around in the spring after their migration while the eggs that they lay usually hatch in May. Seeing how Aristotle was interested in many things, I believe he made the connection of seeing a few swallows wouldn't mean that Summer has started just yet. I somewhat agree with this because birds are known to migrate back to where they originate naturally.
ReplyDeleteThanks for sharing this as it gave me more context to Aristotle's words. On my initial reading I didn't make the connection that swallows are birds. With this in mind I think Aristotle was trying to say just cause there is proof of happiness doesn't mean one is truly happy.
Delete2.The philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle shows that Aristotle is reaching out and Plato is pointing up. Plato was not the type of philosopher to explore and go experience things. He liked to ponder in his thoughts in a relaxing manner. Aristotle, unlike Plato, was interested in all of the details. He let his senses control his understanding of philosophy. I am on Aristotle's side, how else would you find the truth without exploring? Yes, there are other ways but I feel that Aristotle's way would lead to more realistic discoveries and truths.
ReplyDelete3. Aristotle defined Eudaimonia to be the ultimate goal of human life. This term is also known as "flourishing". I do not quite understand the definition of eudaimonia yet but I have an idea. It seems that it is a way of life, to live to the fullest and to fulfill your life's purpose and you will be satisfied.
ReplyDeleteI feel like it also implies the searching of happiness, to really flourish in the moment rather than search for desire.
DeleteAristotle wanted to make the point that temporary pleasures did not equate to true happiness. I agree with his point because all pleasure is, is a short-lived experience rather than a state if mind. Winning a video game or passing a test might not make someone happy but finishing a semester or year of school what great GPA might bring a much more poignant feeling to a person. I would also like to think he wanted to separate the difference between happiness and joy.
ReplyDeletePlato explored the world for "what it could be" while Aristotle explored it for what is truly was. I side with Aristotle more as someone who often desires searching for the truth in most cases. I personally believe that seeing what has already been proven or laid out can be used as not only a guide in life but also a way to branch into new possibilities.
Eudaimonia is defined as the highest level of human good or the perfect state of well-being. Increasing our chances of reaching this state starts with being able to use the right emotions or actions at the right times and attaining the mean of two extremes. This is done in relation to society and how we act around people and different situations. I do not think I am currently at this state but I do believe upon learning more about it that I have in the past.
I really like that second paragraph, I think it encapsulates the idea nicely. Aristotle really was living in the present moment rather than fantasizing about the worlds and mysteries outside of human experience.
DeleteResponse 1 (LPH)
ReplyDeleteWhat point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
Answer: From what I understood after reading the text was that Aristotle thought that only a few moments of joy couldn't be called true happiness. Furthermore, he argued that true happiness required a longer life, that children can't be happy because they didn't have a full life yet.
I totally disagree with his swallow and summer philosophy. I would definitely consider children to be happy creatures; as long as all their physical needs are met, which they are not always able to convey in the best possible way and thus cry, I think they are true reflections of happiness. Although it's true that the natural phenomenon of seeing one swallow doesn't mean it is summer already, happiness cannot be compared to it.
I think even the smallest most simplest moments of happiness is true happiness. Humans are complicated beings living in varied life situations, and every minute second experiencing happiness if a fraction of maybe a greater happiness that we all seek, and are working towards in our own different ways.
I am really starting to question my understanding of happiness and life. Whatever I am doing everyday, to get to stable place in life, is it a way to seek happiness? Is it to earn a living? Am I placing the burdens of my happiness on people I love and care about? What is there in life that can really lead to infinite happiness?
ReplyDeleteThis is not the first time that these questions have been bogging me down. I've spent nights wondering to answer these string of infinite questions that seem to appear out of nowhere at night when I am trying to sleep. The most unsatisfying feeling is that, in order to know the answer of all my questions, I have to live a life in a certain way to be able to find an answer to each question, and I only have one life!
So when I come across all these philosophies of different philosophers, I wonder if they overcomplicated things in the pursuit of finding the "exact" and "perfect" answer. Simply being happy for small things in life can be considered true happiness. Does it have to have the same definition for every person alive? Maybe not.
"Those who know do not talk about it;/ Those who talk about it do not know"
ReplyDeletethis phrase is so controversial to modern philosophy because the whole basis of philosophy is to converse and exchange ideas to slowly get to know what the truth is, right?
But when I came across this quote in HWT page 27, I couldn't help but agree to it to a great extent. When someone talks about a realization, does it do justice in conveying the actual deapths of the realization? I don't know for sure, but just like we don't have an exact way to define love because it is a complex emotion, certain deapths of reality might be hard to express too. And what if we lose the purpose of the message on it's way to us in the form of words?
Eudaimonia is essentially the success you have achieved through living, not just through finding "happiness" in the emotional sense, but the matter of which you have truly lived to your fullest extent as a person- being the best friend, worker, family member, and person you could possibly be. To increase your chances of it, Aristotle believed that one must develop a strong character. With that, I believe it would be important to also be a great contributor to the world and people around you. Since, per Aristotle, your eudaimonia can be affected by things that happen after your death, if you work hard to improve the circumstances of those around you, I feel as though it is less likely that something may occur to them after your death that would lower your eudaimonia. Although, we know it doesn't always work this way, due to the fact that life is often unfair, and "bad" things can often still happen to "good" people.
ReplyDeleteI understand Aristotle's idea of eudaimonia and agree with it on a conceptual level- that one can achieve a greater "success" and truly reach their full potential by working hard to practice virtues and be a better person. However, I disagree with his idea that your eudaimonia can be affected by things that occur after your death, such as illness to your children, or other things that may be out of one's control. I think it's rather rudimentary to believe that one's level of success can be hindered by things that they themselves are not responsible for. Rather than looking at what has happened to someone, it is a greater judge of their character to look at how they responded to the matter.
It was entirely against the spirit of Aristotle's research to rely on figures of authority. He was moreso in support of challenging authority and coming to conclusions on your own, rather than through the words of someone else. I believe this is generally a good principle to hold, and all authority should be questioned to the fullest extent. We should all examine things before holding them to be true. For me personally, however, I will always defer to the Christian God, for that is the authority figure I have come to believe in and choose to obey. I was not raised as a Christian. My family is actually quite distanced from the church and was not very happy with my decision to follow Christ. But, after much of my own research and introspection, I have come to know that God is very much real and worthy of my worship and devotion. Many others will disagree, but that is alright; while I do believe my religion is true, I will still respect the varying beliefs of others.
ReplyDelete1) What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and Summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDelete1a) Aristotle was trying to say that is takes more than one swallow or one day of warm weather to truly confirm that Summer is here. In the sense of happiness, he meant that just because you have a few moments that you are happy don't mean that you have achieved true happiness. He also states that children cannot be truly happy because happiness requires a long life.
I agree that true happiness cannot be short pleasurable moments. I feel that true happiness is achieved when you have a good or bad day, and you are able to come home at the end of the day and exhale all the negative and enjoy your evening. When you awake in the morning and you're excited to start a new day.
2) What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on?
2a) In this painting done by Raphael, Plato is pointing to the world of forms and Aristotle is reaching out to the world around him. Plato is content philosophizing from an internal place and Aristotle wants to explore the world and seek happiness.
I am on the side of Aristotle because I am a very active person, and I have a hard time stilling still for long periods of time. A hike or walk outside it is a lot easier for me to get out of my own head and explore what the world has to offer.
Section 005
DeletePratyaksa refers to perception, one of the six means of gaining knowledge. It was said that one could seek it through taking medications, performing incantations, or practicing meditations, among other means such as the physical senses.
ReplyDelete1. Aristotle was referring with his swallow analogy that one small moment of happiness or joy does not make your life entirely happy. He argued that people are like flowers in a way. If you take care of the plant it will flourish. The same can be said for us as people. Just because we might have had one great moment in our lives does not make it inherently 'great.'
ReplyDeleteI love the way he compares us to flowers! It creates a new way to think about our lives and how we need to take care of ourselves as well as others,
Delete1. The point that Aristotle is trying to make is that moments of pleasure/happiness doesn't mean that you've lived a happy life and that it takes more for that to be the case. I would have to agree with it because you won't remember all of those happy moments meaning you would need something that definitively defines your life. Aristotle's answer to happiness is to develop good habits that will positively affect those who are alive after you die which I guess aligns with what I say. To me, it sounds like Aristotle is saying that making a legacy is what makes you live a happy life.
ReplyDelete2. The School of Athens implies that Plato believes in a reality that is beyond the current reach of humans while Aristotle believes that people should focus on the world around them as it is the true reality. I agree with Aristotle more because I believe that obtaining knowledge from our world is one of the most satisfying to do. If it weren't for the fact that people died young as well as many other issues, I would love to be around the time where new discoveries were being made and enjoy the thrill of discussing them.
4. Aristotle is against reliance on authority because many people believed what Aristotle said, even the stuff that came out to be false because of his position in the philosophical world. Authorities I mainly defer to are scientists because compared to many other groups, they are willing to search for answers and often have long heated debates to get a conclusion on those answers. Although if there were a scientist that published research saying that the Earth was flat, I would not believe or rely on them for information as no other scientist would believe them and that their 'proof' is underwhelming compared to the works of other scientists.
2. The main difference between Plato and Aristotle was that Plato would be perfectly fine making conclusions and philosophizing from his home. Aristotle, on the other hand, was more interested in actually exploring the world around him. I feel that Aristotle's way to approach philosophy is more intuitive. Actually experimenting with the world around us is what makes the world better. Many discoveries throughout history have been achieved through Aristotle's way of thinking whether they were aware of it or not.
ReplyDelete3. Eudaimonia was basically a way of life that is not about moments of joy or happiness, but rather a total flourishing throughout your life. Eudaimonia can even continue for one after they die. To me, it is like the total amount of thriving associated with your existence. I personally believe I have yet to achieve full eudaimonia. There is still so much in store for my life that I have yet to experience.
ReplyDelete4. People used to believe that anything Aristotle wrote was fact. This was fundamentally against his beliefs. Aristotle was basically a distant follower of Socrates, who always said to question everything. I feel that I sometimes can just believe what other people say just because they might be in a greater position to me. These last years have proven to me that nobody really has any idea what they are talking about even if they are so called experts in their fields.
ReplyDelete1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteAristotle was saying that just because you have one good day or good moment, doesn’t mean you have a great life as a whole. I agree to a certain extent because of the opposite. If you have a bad day, that doesn’t mean your whole life is bad.
2. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it? Do you think you achieved it?
Eudaimonia is the ultimate goal of life (fulfilling potential). Personally, I don’t think I have achieved it just yet, solely because I still have a lot of years ahead of me.
3. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle’s research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
Blind reliance is against Aristotle’s research because he focused on independent reasoning and empirical observation. Typically, I defer to my parents. You’re always taught to rely on them for questions and believe what they say without question.
1. Aristotle wrote, "One swallow does not make a summer, nor does one fine day," to illustrate that a single moment or action does not define a pattern or a state of being, such as happiness or virtue. It requires sustained and repeated actions over time. Do I agree? Yes, because true fulfillment or success depends on consistency and not fleeting moments. 2. In Raphael's The School of Athens, Plato points upward, signifying his focus on ideal forms and metaphysical truths, while Aristotle gestures outward, emphasizing observation and empirical study. Whose side am I on? Aristotle's, because his approach aligns more with the scientific method and practicality. 3. Eudaimonia, often translated as "flourishing" or "the good life," is Aristotle's concept of living in accordance with virtue to achieve the highest form of happiness. We increase our chances of achieving it by cultivating virtues and living a life of rational activity in relation to personal and communal well-being. Do I think I've achieved it? Probably not fully, as it requires a lifelong commitment to growth and virtue. 4. Aristotle was against blind reliance on authority, advocating for inquiry and evidence-based understanding. Do I defer to any authorities? Not always; while I respect expertise in areas like science or law, I believe in questioning and verifying claims rather than accepting them uncritically.
ReplyDeleteCarter Wright - 007
Delete1. The main point of Aristotle's was that happiness is not defined by the fleeting moments and temporary feeling of euphoria and pleasure. He argues that happiness is more concrete and can be achieved on the basis of your character.
ReplyDelete2. Plato believed that the key to understanding the Universe is to envision a perfect form for its every component and aspect. However, Aristotle believed that the only way to understand it is to interact with its object and engage them. I would side with Aristotle because interacting with nature is how we conduct science.
3. Eudaimonia is the success that you enjoy through events you are unaware of or will happen in your distant future after your death
4.The over-reliance of authority is what is mostly against Aristotle's research and was a problem among ancient philosophers and scholars. His work was treated as dogma. Authorities that I am wary to defer to are governments and politicians. I find them to be frequently dishonest and secretive in my opinion.
The point he was trying to convey was that small moments in which joy is a temporary feeling is not true happiness, and that the emotion of joy it truly achieved by the character of one's person. I find myself agreeing with this, as in life there are many harmful things that might bring brief pleasure but lead to more problems in the end.
ReplyDeletePlato seemed to believe his theory of forms was a perfect description of the world, without having to or wanting to go out and experience it himself. Yet Aristotle disagreed, wanting to experience the true feeling of everything from its point of view. I find myself again leaning more towards Aristotle's side, as experiencing things firsthand will always prove more beneficial than countless theories of it.
Eudaimonia is more flourishing and success rather than happiness, he explains how happiness is an overall experience of life rather than small moments of it. I feel I have not achieved it yet but one day I sure will.
Relying on someone else's authority was completely against Aristotle's views, yet after his death this was bestowed upon him. There are tons of authorities I defer to; I believe it most scenarios it is best to look at it from your own point of view before completely trusting anyone's word.
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteI believe that what he means by this is that is you have a bad experience or bad day, or even a bad week that doesn't make it a bad life because your only focusing on certain elements rather than the whole picture. I agree with this, although sometimes it feels like the world is ending because something went wrong i just need to think all the things that went right.
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
Plato believed it more on ideas and spiritual concepts for the world, while Aristotle believed more in taking objects as they were in the world and their function or purpose. I feel as though they both have their merits, I am leaning more towards Aristotle however I think if you don't look at at the spiritual aspect of things though then you will not have much creativity. But if you look entirely on the objects purpose you can miss what it has the potential to be.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
It means essentially happiness and enjoying what you do, the way we increase it is by doing what makes us happy. however we have to make a conscience effort to do this and not entirely based on luck, as it is something we must work to achieve every day. No I do not think I have achieved this but one day I hope I will be able to.
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
ReplyDeletePhilosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle in regards to “The School of Athens” is that Plato wants to focus on abstract world forms, but Aristotle wants to focus on the physical world. I do not think that I would fall on either side and that I would want to learn about both.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Eudaimonia is a state of deep fulfillment and happiness achieved by living a virtuous life according to one's potential, focusing on developing good character traits and acting in accordance with reason, rather than simply seeking fleeting pleasure. You can try and reach it by continuous self work. I have definitely not reached eudaimonia.
12. What is metanoetics, in Japanese philosophy?
Metanoetics refers to a philosophical concept developed by Tanabe Hajime, signifying a radical transformation of one's perspective through deep self-reflection and repentance.
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteIt seems “Swallows of Summer” is the idea that life is not just made up of one moment, it is made up of many. We tend to search for things that produce instant gratification rather than understanding what is meaningful for long term fulfillment. There are very few things that are worthwhile that come without cost, waiting and discipline are part of that cost.
With children, they are still young and naive, unfettered by responsibility or the bias that may be instilled in them through nurture. Maybe they understand true happiness more so than adults due to this. As they tend to rely heavily on human interaction, curiosity without restriction, and playfulness rather than the mundane grind of modern-day adult hood.
ReplyDelete3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
The idea of flourishing, successfulness, or fulfillment. Not necessarily in the sense of say large sums of money or materialistic or superficial things. More around enlightenment, meaningful connections, purposeful action, kindness, etc… To build on it one could have more conversations, ask questions, or be creative (music, art, writing, engineering, useful services) all of which could help not just self but all of existence.
Have I achieved any of this? Absolutely not, these are all elements that develop over time with setting meaningful goals, what ever those may be.
I find it interesting and understand why Aristotle would say that technically children are incapable of true happiness but I think I disagree. Eudaimonia, according to Aristotle, can only be achieved after a long life. However I think that while kids are so young, they have achieved it for a brief moment. They so far have known a life of routine and love, and now that I am typing this I am starting to disagree with myself in a way actually. Not all kids obviously experience this, but those who do have known nothing but peace and love, so maybe for a brief moment they know true and pure happiness. Or maybe just innocence.
ReplyDelete1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteAristotle’s phrase, “One swallow does not make a summer,” highlights that a single instance or event is insufficient to signify a lasting trend or conclusion. He uses this analogy to emphasize that true happiness or virtue is achieved through consistent and sustained actions, not fleeting successes. This idea remains relevant, as many aspects of life—whether relationships, personal growth, or achievements—require long-term patterns rather than isolated moments to be meaningful.
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
The philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is symbolized through their gestures: Plato points upward, indicating his belief in the existence of eternal, unchanging ideals or forms beyond the material world, while Aristotle gestures horizontally, reflecting his focus on empirical observation and the tangible realities of the world around us. This distinction highlights Plato's idealism versus Aristotle's more practical, grounded approach to knowledge.
As for whose side to take, it depends on one’s perspective. Plato’s idealism is compelling when considering abstract concepts like justice or beauty, while Aristotle’s empiricism is practical for understanding and improving the material world. Personally, I lean toward Aristotle's approach for its emphasis on evidence and real-world application, though Plato’s vision of higher ideals has its own timeless appeal.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Eudaimonia, often translated as "happiness" or "flourishing," is a central concept in Aristotle's philosophy, representing the highest human good. It is not a fleeting emotion but a state of living virtuously and fulfilling one’s potential in accordance with reason. Aristotle argues that eudaimonia is achieved by practicing virtues, such as courage, wisdom, and justice, and by living a life of purpose and balance, guided by rationality. Crucially, it depends only on one’s own actions and character, not external circumstances or luck. To increase our chances of achieving eudaimonia, we must focus on cultivating good habits, aligning our actions with our values, and striving for excellence in our chosen endeavors.
4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
Aristotle’s research spirit is fundamentally opposed to blind reliance on authority or unexamined beliefs. He championed observation, reason, and empirical evidence as the basis for knowledge, advocating that truth should be discovered through critical inquiry and personal investigation rather than accepted unquestioningly from others.
As for deferring to authorities, it can be practical in areas where expertise is essential, such as trusting a doctor’s medical advice or an engineer’s structural analysis. However, constant blind deference risks stifling critical thinking and personal growth. Ideally, authority should serve as guidance rather than an unquestionable source of truth.
I tend to agree with your last response but of course in our current society it would be too optimistic to completely rely on experts because some only care about how much money they're being payed. More specifically this is a problem in the American health system. There have been several instances where doctors through some pills or some half asses explanation and tell you to drink water. This happens more often to women. Unfortunately for all of us who aren't expert we are forced to stand up for ourselves more than be complacent with their answers despite not being experts.
Delete6) What was western civilization's first great ad campaign? Does advertising and the constant attempt to sell things to people have a negative impact on life in the USA?
ReplyDeleteWestern civilization's first great ad campaign was convincing people to settle in the new continent.
Advertising and the constant attempt to sell things both perpetuates and is indicative of the consumerist culture of the U.S. and much of the west. Marketing companies in the U.S. use predatory tactics to sell goods. Makeup companies tell women they need makeup to be beautiful, cologne companies tell men they need their products to attract women, dating apps make people feel as though they'll be lonely without their services. Our consumerist culture as a whole makes us believe that we need to buy things and live in extravagance to be happy, leaving us feeling empty and incomplete because our lives are based on products instead of fulfillment.
Question 1: What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteResponse 1: Aristotle makes the point that 'One swallow does not make a summer' which means that from a large number of similar events we should not conclude generally. He says that we require a series of examples in order to gain a proper understanding of a given process. I side with this view because it helps us to avoid making conclusions based on prejudices and to understand that only when we consider what is happening on the whole can we gain real understanding.
Question 2: What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's? make it a short paragraph
Response 2: School of Athens is a masterpiece that depicts the difference between Plato and Aristotle’s philosophy. In the painting, Plato is shown with his eyes to the sky, which is in line with the idea that reality is found in the world of ideal Forms which are beyond the material world. By contrast, Aristotle is turning his body, not his chin, to the side, and therefore, paying attention to the physical world and the need to observe it. I am more on the side of Aristotle because I appreciate practical knowledge that is derived from experience and the physical realm.
Question 3: What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Response 3: In Aristotelian terms, eudaimonia is the quality of living well or excelling in life by virtue of virtues and rational activity. It is the pursuit of the best possible version of oneself and the enactment of rationality as opposed to the pursuit of pleasure or happiness. In order to improve our chances of eudaimonia, we need to pay attention to moral excellence, wise decision making, and the common good in the context of community. Despite the fact I have never experienced eudaimonia for myself, for humans, it appears to be a combination of personal growth, quality relationships, and ethical living.
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteThe point Aristotle is trying to make is that one instance does not necissarily comfirm a bigger outcome. In other words, a moment of temporary bliss doesn't lead to lifelong happiness. I agree that you wont have a happy life from a brief moment of joy, however I also feel like there are some instances in which a brief moment of joy can mean the world.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Eudaimonia is a state of true happiness. It can only be achieved through living a virtuous life and developing an ethical, rational character. By practicing good habits in your lifetime, you should eventually achieve it. I haven't achieved it, and neither have I worked to increase my chances of achieving it.
4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
Relying on authority goes against Aristotle's beliefs and research, as well as superstition. Aristotle focused on evidence, critical thinking, and observation, rather than faith or accepting what authority told you.
3."Eudaimonia" is translated to flourishing or success. It is more than simple happiness. It is described as a true state of happiness, You can achieve this by "developing the right kind of character." I feel like I have had moments where I have achieve this, but it has not lasted long term. Events and situations happen that affect this and I think that it is ok. When the author writes, "we make choices for ourselves: we decide what we want to do and be." I feel as if this perfectly describes the stage of life I am in. I do not have everything figured out but I am striving to build better character, be a better person, and learn how to be content no matter what life throws at me.
ReplyDeletebriley chandler
Delete2. the School of Athens shows the difference between Plato's and Aristotle's beliefs. Plato is more focused on things beyond the material world, while Aristotle is focused on the world around him. I am on Aristotle's side. I feel it is more important to explore and think about the world around you since that is our world. The psych part of me also wants to know and understand people, and I feel that plays a role in my siding as well.
ReplyDeleteBriley Chandler
Delete1. "One swallow doesn't make a summer" basically says that one event or occurrence does not mean that the outcome will be what you expect. You have to sit back and wait to see what happens and how everything plays out. I agree. Just because one good thing happened doesn't mean your life will be good. Also in the opposite, just because one bad thing happened, it doesn't mean your life is over
ReplyDeleteCameron White 2. Plato is a representation of some kind of perfectionist and he teaches in an egotistical type of way. Aristotle focus’s more on open world and that you can never learn enough and there will what’s be more room to grow. I am on Aristotles side because I feel that believing life has an end and there is a peak to it is very limiting, the way Aristotle talks about life makes it feel like everything could be appropriated, understood, and studied to make more than what it is.
ReplyDelete1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteAristotle was using his analogy of a swallow appearing not necessarily meaning that summer had begun to make a point that true happiness does not come from one or two moments. I do not necessarily agree with his thought process because if you are unable to appreciate and enjoy the small moments in life than you will live a life that is truly miserable. While I can see his point when it came to not getting your hopes up over little things, since it would lead to a life of short moments of joy, for a lot of people finding a long lasting joy is not always achievable.
I see what you mean, and I do agree with your points, but I have some counterpoints that I'd like to add. While enjoying the small moments that make you happy, you can only go so far in life. You wouldn't fulfill your purpose, goals, or reason for living. It is not always about achieving long-lasting happiness. The journey there is already more fulfilling than focusing only on short-term happiness.
Delete1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDelete-The point Aristole was making is that one instance of something, say happiness, does not mean you will be happy forever. I completely agree with his point. It's foolish to believe due to one bad event or bad day that you have to be sad forever.
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
ReplyDelete-Plato dealt more with abstract ideas and concepts, while Aristotle focused more on reality, function, purpose, and ideas that concern the physical world. I tend to lean more towards Aristotles side.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
ReplyDelete-Eudaimonia is very similar to nirvana, and it is the highest, most fulfilled form of living, free from stress. I do not feel that I've achieved it, and I doubt my peers have either unless they're far older than I. I believe one reaches that state after accomplishing all they desire to, while eliminating stressers as well.
1. Aristotle was saying that one brief moment of happiness doesn’t define a truly happy life, just like one nice sunny day doesn’t mean it’s summer. Happiness—what he called eudaimonia—is about living a virtuous and fulfilling life over time, not just having a good day or two.
ReplyDeleteDo I agree? Yeah, it makes sense. Real happiness comes from consistency and living with purpose, not just fleeting moments of fun.
2. In the painting, Plato points up, showing his focus on big, abstract ideas and ideal forms. Aristotle points outward and downward, focusing on real-world observation and practical reasoning.
Whose side am I on? Probably Aristotle. His approach feels more grounded and relatable, working with what’s around us instead of getting lost in ideas we can’t fully see or prove.
3. Eudaimonia is Aristotle’s idea of living a good life—flourishing by being the best version of yourself. It’s not just about feeling happy, but about living virtuously and finding meaning in what you do.
How do we achieve it? By building good habits, nurturing strong relationships, and doing things that matter over time.
Have I achieved it? Honestly, it’s something to keep working toward. It’s not about “getting there” once—it’s about making choices every day that add up to a fulfilling life.
4. Aristotle wouldn’t be into blindly trusting authority or accepting things without proof. He believed in questioning, observing, and using logic to figure things out.
Do I defer to authorities? Sometimes. I’ll trust experts when they’ve earned it (like in science or medicine), but I think it’s important to stay curious and ask questions instead of just taking everything at face value.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
ReplyDeleteEudiamonia is Aristotle's idea of living well and flourishing. According to Aristotle, he believed that you can increase your chances of achieving eudiamonia by practicing virtue and living a virtuous life. I think it is something that I strive to achieve but not quite there yet.
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteI think that the point Aristotle was making using the example of swallows and summer was that happiness and fulfillment in life are greater than brief, fleeting moments of joy. I agree that, instead, experiencing true happiness is more a life-long process of working towards personal development, contributing to something greater, and living an impactful life.
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
In School of Athens, Plato reaches up to the world of the Forms, while Aristotle reaches out towards the world before him. It is implied that Aristotle was more concerned with applying his philosophical ideas to the physical reality we live in, while Plato was more focused on striving towards concepts outside of our world For now, I’m on Aristotle’s side, as I feel that his ideas help to bridge the gap between conceptual and tangible happiness.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Eudaimonia is sustained state of wellbeing. We can increase our chances of achieve it by switching our mindset that happiness is self-focused momentary joy, to instead understanding that eudaemonia is a wider concept of life-long flourishing. Finding purpose in life, impacting others, living virtuously (between extremes), and trying to gain a better understanding of the world are important aspects in achieving eudaemonia. Personally, I don’t think that I’ve experienced enough in life to truly achieve Aristotle’s eudaemonia
1. With Aristotle's swallow and summer, the point he wanted to make is that a momentary or temporary feeling of happiness doesn't guarantee lasting happiness, nor does it imply a greater, more enduring happiness. I agree with his point because jumping to conclusions, like believing one good event or experience defines long-term happiness, can lead to false hope.
ReplyDelete2. The difference between Plato's and Aristotle's philosophy is that Plato focused on abstract ideas or forms, things beyond the physical world, to encourage deeper contemplation. On the other hand, Aristotle emphasized the importance of observing and understanding the physical world to gain knowledge. I would agree with Aristotle because, in my view, developing a deeper understanding of what is directly in front of us is foundational to understanding the world beyond our immediate experiences.
3. Eudaimonia is a feeling when one achieves fulfilment with their perspective or goals in mind, on a deeper level. I do not believe I have achieved eudaimonia since I have not achieved any bigger aspirations or goals yet.
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDeleteA famous quote by Aristotle is, "One swallow does not make a summer." It means that a good moment or act doesn't mean you'll have long-lasting happiness or virtue. Instead, true happiness is a journey of constant effort that lasts a lifetime. Some never find it for reasons like environment, self-sabotaging, upbringing, etc. I agree with this because so many examples in my life prove it’s true. For example, doing small things to help people be happy, like giving them gifts, only becomes something that gives you lasting happiness when you do it more than once or when you do other things that bring happiness to not only others but yourself too.
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
Plato’s perspective is that he points upward. It symbolizes his idea that anything that counts as physical in the physical world is merely a shadow of the bigger concepts that are always abstract in nature. An example would be making a perfect circle or line that only exists in the abstract. Aristotle’s perspective is that he points out towards the earth. It symbolizes his idea that everything we know is based on or grounded in the physical world and the observations we make about it. His counterpoint was that our understanding of the world doesn’t come from abstract concepts, but instead, it comes from looking into specific details of life. His belief is more grounded in scientific observation. I’m more into Aristotle’s idea because you can only go so far with looking into things we can only think of. Looking outside of yourself is the first step to understanding how the world works.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
Eudaimonia is described as flourishing or having a good life. Its definition says it’s about fulfilling your potential rather than experiencing short pleasures. You can achieve it by trying to “be a good person”. Obviously, no one can be perfect, but following the rules of virtue is something you can do to be closer to achieving eudaimonia. It also helps looking into long term plans and working to achieve long-term goals like advancing in your career or building lasting relationships.
1. Aristotle was making the point that a single moment of happiness or feeling of pleasure does not mean a future of eternal happiness.
ReplyDelete2. Plato points upwards to the world of the forms while aristotle points to the world in front of him. Plato had a vision of an ideal world of ideas while aristotle focused on the physical world around him. I find myself leaning towards aristotle because it can be easy to romanticize a world that is not in form yet instead of dealing with the current real world occurrences.
3.Eudaimonia is the idea of being content with what cards you have been delt with in life. It's not about the momentary pleasures or feelings of happiness. You achieve this by understanding what you can and cannot control, I myself have not achieved this goal, but im close.
1. Aristotle was making a point that true happiness isn't made by a singular happy moment, or that one bad moment doesn't make a whole day/month/year horrible.
ReplyDelete2. Eudaimonia, often means "happiness" or "flourishing," so I think we can increase our chances of achieving it by living our lives to the fullest since each person is going to have their own way or thinking as to what flourishing may mean.
ReplyDelete1. what Aristotle was trying to convey was that through swallows and summer that moments of happiness in life are not as important as seeking fulfillment in your existence. In my opinion I honestly disagree as I think people need to try and live a little and enjoy the little things.
ReplyDelete2. In aristotles comparison with Plato. Aristotle looks to the world ahead of him while Plato is looking at a world beyond him. To translate this better Aristotle is using his ideas and seeing how it might apply to real life whereas Plato is using ideas and applying it to something that is not in reality. In my opinion they both are ridiculous, while Aristotle is the better of the two trying to use philosophy to make people act better, its ridiculous to think saying something and writing it out to people is gonna force someone to change hoe they go about life. I think they might think about it for a second but 90% of people do not have time to be thinking about that. people were and are now busy trying to live and physically help people and themselves.
3. blind reliance is against authority figures or people with expertise in a subject. In translation basically if someone that is normally accurate on a subject says something about it that is not backed by others and lots of evidence, people shouldn’t automatically believe in them because they are well credited. In my opinion he is being hypocritical because he often says things just because most people believe in them for example his belief the sun rotated around the earth that many religions of the time believed in. But overall I do agree with this because I believe even the best make mistakes.
1. What point was Aristotle making when he wrote of swallows and summer? Do you agree?
ReplyDelete* I think the point Aristotle was trying to make is that just because you have happy moments throughout your life, doesn’t mean that your life is “happy.” I agree in the sense that just because you are happy one moment, doesn’t meant mean you will stay happy throughout your life. You go through periods where you are happy and periods where you are sad, it isn’t just one emption for everything.
2. What philosophical difference between Plato and Aristotle is implied by The School of Athens? Whose side are you on, Plato's or Aristotle's?
* The difference was if you needed to experience the world to understand it or not. Plato stated that you did not, while Aristotle said the opposite. Personally, I am on the side of Aristotle. You cannot truly know what a certain things feels like without actually going through it.
3. What is eudaimonia, and how can we increase our chances of achieving it, and in relation only to what? Do you think you've achieved it?
* Eudaimonia is the feeling of achievement from things that you have control over. I don’t believe we could ever really achieve this because we try to control things that we actually can’t control. We cannot help the need to control those things, even if we don’t realize that we can’t.
4. What reliance is completely against the spirit of Aristotle's research? Are there any authorities you always defer to? Why or why not?
* The kind of reliance that is completely against the spirit of Aristotle’s research is the idea of completely relying on another person. Personally, I solely rely on god as a guide and support in my life. Many decisions I make I bring to God through prayer and reading the word. I also rely on my mom for physically support sometimes. When I am not sure what God is trying to speak to me, I will go to her.